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Year 1- Respiratory > Respiratory Physiology- relating structure to function > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology- relating structure to function Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by TV?

A

Tidal volume.

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2
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs at each breath.

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3
Q

What is meant by ERV?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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4
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum amount of air expelled from the lungs at the end of normal respiration.

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5
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiration Reserve Volume

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6
Q

Define Inspiration Reserve Volume

A

The maximum amount of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of regular respiration.

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7
Q

What is RV?

A

Residual volume.

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8
Q

Define Residual volume.

A

The volume of gas left in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration.

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9
Q

What is VC?

A

Vital capacity.

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10
Q

How is vital capacity calculated?

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.

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11
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total lung capacity

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12
Q

How is total lung capacity calculated?

A

vital capacity + the residual volume

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13
Q

What is IC?

A

Inspiratory capacity

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14
Q

How is inspiration capacity calculated?

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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15
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional residual capacity

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16
Q

How is functional residual capacity calculated?

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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17
Q

What is FEV1:FVC?

A

Fraction of forced vital capacity expired in 1 second

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18
Q

What is the dead space volume value?

A

150ml

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19
Q

What is the value for tidal volume?

A

500ml

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20
Q

How many lobes does the external right lung have?

A

3

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21
Q

How many lobes does the external left lung have?

A

2

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22
Q

How many membranes are each lung enclosed in?

A

2

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23
Q

Name the two membranes covering the lungs.

A

Visceral and parietal.

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24
Q

What does the visceral pleural membrane line?

A

The outer surfaces of the lungs.

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25
Q

What does the parietal pleural membrane line?

A

Inner surface of the ribs

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26
Q

What is located between the two pleura membranes?

A

Pleural fluid

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27
Q

What are the functions of the pleura membranes?

A

The ‘stick’ the lungs to the membrane

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28
Q

What is the visceral pleura ‘stuck’ to?

A

-Surface of the lungs
-Parietal pleura via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid

29
Q

What is the parietal pleura ‘stuck’ to?

A

Rib cage and diaphragm

30
Q

What leads the expansion of the lung during inspiration?

A

The chest wall

31
Q

What leads to the recoil of the chest wall in (unforced) expiration?

A

Elastic connective tissue in the lung

32
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state?

A

States that pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to it’s volume.

33
Q

Why does bretahing occur?

A

Because the volume of the thoracic cavity changes volume.

34
Q

Based on Boyle’s law, what happens when there is an increase in volume?

A

Decrease in pressure

35
Q

Based on Boyle’s law, what happens when there is an decrease in volume?

A

Increase in pressure.

36
Q

What direcetion do gases always move?

A

High to low pressure.

37
Q

Expiration is passive at rest but what does it use during severe respiratory load?

A

Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

38
Q

List the muscles used for inspiration.

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoids and scalenes.

39
Q

List the muscles used for expiration.

A

Passive Process.

But, can sometimes use internal intercostals and abdominals.

40
Q

At rest, what happens to the diaphragm?

A

It’s relaxed

41
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It contracts and thoracic volume increases.

42
Q

What does the ‘pump handle’ motion do?

A

Increases anterior-posterior dimension of the rib cage.

43
Q

What does the ‘bucket handle’ motion do?

A

Increases lateral dimension of the rib cage

44
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and thoracic volume increases.

45
Q

What is Intra-thoracic (Alveolar) Pressure?

A

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity,

46
Q

Is Intra-thoracic (Alveolar) Pressure usually positive or negative?

A

May be negative or positive compared to atmospheric pressure.

47
Q

What is Intra-pleural Pressure ?

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity.

48
Q

How does the value of Intra-pleural Pressure compare to the vlaue of Intra-thoracic pressure?

A

Usually negative.

49
Q

What is Transpulmonary pressure ?

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure.

50
Q

Is transpulmonary pressure usually positive or negative?

A

Nearly always positive/

51
Q

How many cell types are alveolar walls made up of?

A

2 (type I and type II)

52
Q

Describe type I cells.

A

Thin walled which permit gas exchange.

53
Q

Describe Type II cells.

A

Specialised cells which secrete surfacacnt fluid.

54
Q

What is the function of surfacant?

A

Reduces surface tension on alveolar surface membrane reducing risk of the alveoli collapsing.

55
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Attraction between water molecules

56
Q

Where does surface tension occur?

A

Wherever there is an air-water interface

57
Q

What does surfacact do to lung compliance?

A

Increases lung compliance.

58
Q

What does surfactant do to breathing?

A

Makes breathing easier.

59
Q

What does surfactant do in terms of recoiling?

A

Reduces the lungs abaility to recoil.

60
Q

In which types of alveoli is surfactant most effective?

A

In small alveoli as the surfactant molecules come closer together and are more concentrated.

61
Q

Is pressure greater in large or small alveoli?

A

Small

62
Q

When does the production of surfactant start in the body?

A

At 25 weeks of gestation

63
Q

When is the production of surfactant complete?

A

36 weeks

64
Q

What are premature babies more at risk at as the surfactant production hasn’t completed?

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

65
Q

Describe the law of LaPlace in terms of keeping alveoli open.

A

The law states that in order for the alveoli to remain open, the pressure must be equal to two times the surface tension divided by the radius.

66
Q

Define compliance.

A

Change in volume relative to changes in pressure.

67
Q

What does compliancy represent?

A

The stretchability of the lungs.

->how easy it is to get air into the lungs.

68
Q

What does a high compliance mean?

A

Large increase in lung volume for small decrease in ip pressure

69
Q

What does a low compliance mean?

A

Small increase in lung volume for large decrease in ip pressure

Year 1- Respiratory (36 decks)

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