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Year 1- Respiratory > Pathology of Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Pathology of Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number one cause of cancer related deaths?

A

Lung cancer

bet you’d never have guessed that

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2
Q

What is the biggest cause of lung cancer?

A

Tobacco

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3
Q

After tobacco, what are the three highest causes of lung cancer?

A
  1. Asbestos
  2. Environmental radon (from natural uranium bearing rocks, like granite)
  3. Air pollution/ urban environment
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4
Q

What % of lung cancer seen is due to smoking.

A

85%

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5
Q

Out of ten people how many develop lung cancer?

A

1 in 10

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6
Q

Even if you don’t smoke, why may you develop smoking related lung cancer?

A

Prolonged inhalation of smoke fumes

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7
Q

Describe what happens when a person stops smoking.

A

Risks of lung cancer reduce but gradually and slowly.
There will be persisting genomic damage

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8
Q

Name the two groups of chemicals found in cigarettes

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
N-nitrosamines

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9
Q

Name the two groups of carcinogenesis in lung cancer.

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

How does tobacco smoke effect the epithelium?

A

It damages airway epithelial cells, causing inflammation and increasing the risk of lung cancer.

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11
Q

Which process can smoking increase?

A

Carcinogenesis

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12
Q

What can tobacco smoke activate?

A

Pro-carcinogens

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13
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas form in the lungs?

A

Around the periphery

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14
Q

Describe the development of an adenocarcinoma in the lungs.

A

Atypical Adenomatous hyperplasia

(
v

Adenocarcinoma in Situ

(
v

Invasive adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

What type of cell transform in the lungs in the formation of an adenocarcinoma?

A

Bronchioloalveolar epithelial stem cells

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16
Q

Where can a squamous cell carcinoma form?

A

Central lung airways

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17
Q

Describe the development of a squamous cell carcinoma in the lungs.

A

Bronchial basal cell hyperplasia

(
v

Squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ

(
v

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

What type of cell transforms to form a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Bronchial epithelial stem cells

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19
Q

List some of the possible tumours in the lungs.

A

Carcinoid Tumour
Benign causes of mass lesion
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Tumours of Bronchial Glands
Metastases

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20
Q

Which tumour is very rare in the lungs but can still happen?

A

Tumours of Bronchial Glands

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21
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Cancer in the epithelium tissue.

22
Q

Name the four main subdivions of carcinoma.

A

Squamous Cell
Adenocarcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Large Cell Carcinoma

23
Q

Name the two main subdivions of histological types of lung carcinoma

A

Small cell carcinoma
Non-small cell carcinomas

24
Q

Name some of the carcinoma’s in the division of NSCLC.

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinomas
Others

25
Q

Describe symptoms for primary lung cancer

A

Kind of a trick question
Often ‘silent’ -> no symptoms
Symptoms develop late into the development

26
Q

If someone shows symptoms of lung cancer, what does this suggest?

A

That’s it’s potentially fatal

27
Q

How is lung cancer usually discovered?

A

Accidently while carrying out other investigations like chest x-rays etc.

28
Q

Describe what you might see on an x-ray of someone with squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Lots of holes as tumour usually causes lots of cavities

29
Q

Name one red-flag symptom which suggest lung cancer.

A

Haemoptysis

30
Q

What are some of the local effects of bronchial obstruction?

A

Bronchial collapse
Endogenous Lipoid Pneumonia
Infection / Abscess
Bronchiectasis

31
Q

What happens when a tumour involves the pleura?

A

If a tumour invades the pleura, the pleura can come distorted and the tumour can go through it and into the chest wall

32
Q

What is the result of lung cancer impacting the phrenic nerve?

A

Diaphragmatic paralysis

33
Q

What is the result of lung cancer impacting L Recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Hoarse, bovine* cough

*non- explosive cough of someone unable to close their glotti

34
Q

What is the result of lung cancer impacting the brachial plexus?

A

Pancoast T1 damage

35
Q

What is the result of lung cancer impacting the Cervical Sympathetic nerve?

A

Horner’s syndrome

36
Q

What is Lymphangitis carcinomatosa?

A

Inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by a mallignancy

37
Q

List some distant places lung cancer can metastasise to.

A

Liver, Adrenals*, Bone, Brain, Skin

*glands located at the top of the kidneys

38
Q

List the possible skeletal impacts of lung cancer.

A

Clubbing
HPOA*

*Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

39
Q

List the possible endocrine effects of lung cancer.

A

ACTH, SIADH, PTH
Carcinoid syndrome
Gynecomastia*

*increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone

40
Q

List the possible neurological effects of lung cancer.

A

Polyneuropathy*
Encephalopathy**
Cerebellar degeneration
Myasthenia (Eaton-Lambert)

malfunction of many nerves around the body
**functioning of brain is affected
**neuromuscular disease

41
Q

List the possible cutaneous (skin) effects of lung cancer.

A

Acanthosis nigricans*
Dermatomyositis**

*dry patches of skin usually armpit groin area
**condition which causes muscle weakness and skin rash

42
Q

List the possible haematologic effects of lung cancer.

A

Granulocytosis
Eosinophilia
DIC

43
Q

List the possible cardiovascular effects of lung cancer.

A

Thrombophlebitis migrans

44
Q

List the possible renal effects of lung cancer.

A

Nephrotic syndrome

45
Q

In terms of endocrine complications due to lung disease, what type of carcinoma causes ACTH and SIADH?

A

Small cell

46
Q

In terms of endocrine complications due to lung disease, what type of carcinoma causes PTH?

A

Squamous

47
Q

List some investigations used for the diagnosis of lung cancer

A

Chest X-Ray
Bronchoscopy
Trans-thoracic Fine Needle Aspiration
Trans-thoracic Core Biopsy
Pleural effusion cytology and Biopsy
CT
MRI PET

48
Q

Name the common way top stage lung cancer.

A

TMN

Tumour
Node
Metastsis

49
Q

How do tumours evade immune responses?

A

They inhibit immune checkpoints

50
Q

What type of therapeutic treatment is being used more to try and fight lung cancer?

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

Year 1- Respiratory (36 decks)

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