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BB2 > Sleep And Consciousness > Flashcards

Sleep And Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

EEG

A

Voltage of different brain areas measured by scalp electrodes

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2
Q

What creates the electrical activity picked up by EEG

A

Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs from neurones near electrode

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3
Q

When are gamma waves present

A

Active information processing

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4
Q

When are beta waves present

A

Active wakefulness
REM sleep

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5
Q

When are alpha waves present

A

Relaxed wakefullness
Eyes closed

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6
Q

When are theta waves present

A

Sleep
Meditation

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7
Q

When are delta waves present

A

Deep slow wave sleep

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8
Q

Which type of wave is most affected by artefacts from muscle activity

A

Gamma

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9
Q

What creates a low amplitude desynchronised appearance on EEG

A

Neurones firing out of phase

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10
Q

What creates a high amplitude slow wave appearance o EEG

A

Neurones firing in phase

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11
Q

In a normal awake brain are neurones firing synchronously or asynchronously

A

Asynchronously

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12
Q

How does EEG frequency and amplitude vary between synchronous and asynchronous activity

A

Synchronous - high freq low amp
Asynchronous- low freq high amp

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13
Q

Consciousness

A

Ability of an individual to react appropriately to stimuli in the outside world

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14
Q

Coma

A

Unarousable unresponsiveness with or without reflexes

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15
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Arousable but often only temporarily by strong stimuli

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16
Q

Sleep

A

Arousable by normal stimuli

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17
Q

Drowsy wakefulness

A

Responding in a non reflex way

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18
Q

Normal wakefulness

A

Responding to spoken or written stimuli

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19
Q

High arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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20
Q

How is consciousness assessed

A

GCS

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21
Q

3 components of GCS and what they are scored out of

A

Eye opening 4
Verbal response 5
Motor response 6

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22
Q

EEG characteristics during a seizure

A

High amplitude synchronised firing

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23
Q

How does EEG frequency and amplitude change moving through the sleep cycle

A

Freq decr
Amp incr

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24
Q

Slow wave sleep function

A

Immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular system growth and maintenance
Removal of waste products from Cells
Brain glycogen store incr
Memory consolidation

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25
Q

Where from and when is melatonin released

A

Pineal gland
Slow wave sleep

26
Q

How does melatonin prevent oxidative damage

A

Free radical scavenger

27
Q

REM functions

A

Dreaming
Memory consolidation
Remove unnecessary memories
Coping with stress

28
Q

How do dreams prevent memory decay

A

Retrieving, reliving, and re-storing long term memories as dreams strengthen neural connections in the memory

29
Q

What part of the brain are the key control centres of sleep and wakefulness in

A

Reticular formation in pons

30
Q

What controls activity of pontine reticular neurones

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

Does the reticular formation cause wakefulness or sleep

A

Wakefulness

32
Q

Stimuli for sleep

A

Adenosine
Leptin
Diurnal rhythm
Melatonin

33
Q

Factors that reduce sleep

A

Caffeine
Ghrelin
Low blood glucose
Orexins
Tuberomamillary system

34
Q

What receptor does caffeine antagonise

A

A1 Adenosine receptor

35
Q

What increases intracellular adenosine formation

A

Incr Cellular workload
Incr o2 consumption
Excitatory transmitter release

36
Q

What part of the thalamus regulates the diurnal rhythm

A

Suprachiasmic nucleus

37
Q

Melatonin roles

A

Synchronising circadian rhythm
Sleep wake timing
Blood pressure regulation
Seasonal rhythms

38
Q

How does melatonin exert effects

A

Activate melatonin receptors
Antioxidant

39
Q

circadian clock master genes

A

BMAL
CLOCK

40
Q

Circadian clock target genes

A

Period genes - PER1 PER2 PER3
Cytochrome genes - CRY1 CRY2

41
Q

Where are orexin cell bodies and where do they project to

A

Cell bodies in lateral hypothalamus
Project to all areas of cortex

42
Q

What causes narcolepsy

A

Autoimmune attack on orexin neurones

43
Q

What NT do tuberomamillary system neurones release

A

Histamine

44
Q

Is the tuberomamillary system tonically active in sleep or wakefulness

A

Wakefulness

45
Q

When does sleep onset occur

A

When signals from sleep promoting hypothalamic nuclei inhibit wakefulness promoting neurones

46
Q

Sleep promoting hypothalamic nuclei

A

Venterolateral Preoptic nuclei
Suprachiasmic nucleus

47
Q

Wakefulness promoting neurones

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus
Lateral hypothalamus

48
Q

What do wakefulness promoting neurones stimulate

A

Cerebral cortex and pontine reticular formation

49
Q

3 families of monoamine neurones in reticular formation

A

Cholinergic
Noradrenergic
Serotoninergic

50
Q

Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during wakefulness

A

Noradrenaline - spontaneously active
Serotonin - active at steady level
Cholinergic - spontaneously active

51
Q

Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during SWS

A

Noradrenaline- low
Serotonin - low
Cholinergic - low

52
Q

Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during REM

A

Noradrenaline - low
Serotonin - none
Cholinergic - spontaneously active

53
Q

When are reticular formation noradrenaline neurones most active

A

Fight or flight

54
Q

What causes dreams

A

Cortex activated by cholinergic input but has no sensory information due to lack of serotonin activity so generates images and perceptions from memories

55
Q

Which voluntary muscles are not paralysed in REM

A

Muscles involved in breathing and eye movement

56
Q

What prevents people acting out their dreams

A

REM sleep Atonia

57
Q

REM sleep Atonia

A

Paralysis of all voluntary muscles except diaphragm and extraocular muscles

58
Q

What causes sleep apnea

A

REM sleep Atonia affects respiratory muscles

59
Q

What causes ppl to wake up during sleep apnea

A

Anoxia triggers sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline

60
Q

How can sleep apnea lead to stroke

A

Sympathetic activity surge causes BP surge which can rupture brain blood vessels

61
Q

Sleep apnea effects

A

Disturbed sleep
Chronic fatigue
Depression
Stroke

62
Q

REM sleep Antonia mechanism

A

Glutaminergic subcoeruleus nucleis excites GABA and glycine inhibit neurones switching off motor neurone activity

BB2 (26 decks)

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