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Sleep And Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

EEG

A

Voltage of different brain areas measured by scalp electrodes

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2
Q

What creates the electrical activity picked up by EEG

A

Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs from neurones near electrode

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3
Q

When are gamma waves present

A

Active information processing

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4
Q

When are beta waves present

A

Active wakefulness
REM sleep

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5
Q

When are alpha waves present

A

Relaxed wakefullness
Eyes closed

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6
Q

When are theta waves present

A

Sleep
Meditation

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7
Q

When are delta waves present

A

Deep slow wave sleep

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8
Q

Which type of wave is most affected by artefacts from muscle activity

A

Gamma

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9
Q

What creates a low amplitude desynchronised appearance on EEG

A

Neurones firing out of phase

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10
Q

What creates a high amplitude slow wave appearance o EEG

A

Neurones firing in phase

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11
Q

In a normal awake brain are neurones firing synchronously or asynchronously

A

Asynchronously

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12
Q

How does EEG frequency and amplitude vary between synchronous and asynchronous activity

A

Synchronous - high freq low amp
Asynchronous- low freq high amp

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13
Q

Consciousness

A

Ability of an individual to react appropriately to stimuli in the outside world

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14
Q

Coma

A

Unarousable unresponsiveness with or without reflexes

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15
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Arousable but often only temporarily by strong stimuli

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16
Q

Sleep

A

Arousable by normal stimuli

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17
Q

Drowsy wakefulness

A

Responding in a non reflex way

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18
Q

Normal wakefulness

A

Responding to spoken or written stimuli

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19
Q

High arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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20
Q

How is consciousness assessed

A

GCS

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21
Q

3 components of GCS and what they are scored out of

A

Eye opening 4
Verbal response 5
Motor response 6

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22
Q

EEG characteristics during a seizure

A

High amplitude synchronised firing

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23
Q

How does EEG frequency and amplitude change moving through the sleep cycle

A

Freq decr
Amp incr

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24
Q

Slow wave sleep function

A

Immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular system growth and maintenance
Removal of waste products from Cells
Brain glycogen store incr
Memory consolidation

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25
Where from and when is melatonin released
Pineal gland Slow wave sleep
26
How does melatonin prevent oxidative damage
Free radical scavenger
27
REM functions
Dreaming Memory consolidation Remove unnecessary memories Coping with stress
28
How do dreams prevent memory decay
Retrieving, reliving, and re-storing long term memories as dreams strengthen neural connections in the memory
29
What part of the brain are the key control centres of sleep and wakefulness in
Reticular formation in pons
30
What controls activity of pontine reticular neurones
Hypothalamus
31
Does the reticular formation cause wakefulness or sleep
Wakefulness
32
Stimuli for sleep
Adenosine Leptin Diurnal rhythm Melatonin
33
Factors that reduce sleep
Caffeine Ghrelin Low blood glucose Orexins Tuberomamillary system
34
What receptor does caffeine antagonise
A1 Adenosine receptor
35
What increases intracellular adenosine formation
Incr Cellular workload Incr o2 consumption Excitatory transmitter release
36
What part of the thalamus regulates the diurnal rhythm
Suprachiasmic nucleus
37
Melatonin roles
Synchronising circadian rhythm Sleep wake timing Blood pressure regulation Seasonal rhythms
38
How does melatonin exert effects
Activate melatonin receptors Antioxidant
39
circadian clock master genes
BMAL CLOCK
40
Circadian clock target genes
Period genes - PER1 PER2 PER3 Cytochrome genes - CRY1 CRY2
41
Where are orexin cell bodies and where do they project to
Cell bodies in lateral hypothalamus Project to all areas of cortex
42
What causes narcolepsy
Autoimmune attack on orexin neurones
43
What NT do tuberomamillary system neurones release
Histamine
44
Is the tuberomamillary system tonically active in sleep or wakefulness
Wakefulness
45
When does sleep onset occur
When signals from sleep promoting hypothalamic nuclei inhibit wakefulness promoting neurones
46
Sleep promoting hypothalamic nuclei
Venterolateral Preoptic nuclei Suprachiasmic nucleus
47
Wakefulness promoting neurones
Tuberomamillary nucleus Lateral hypothalamus
48
What do wakefulness promoting neurones stimulate
Cerebral cortex and pontine reticular formation
49
3 families of monoamine neurones in reticular formation
Cholinergic Noradrenergic Serotoninergic
50
Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during wakefulness
Noradrenaline - spontaneously active Serotonin - active at steady level Cholinergic - spontaneously active
51
Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during SWS
Noradrenaline- low Serotonin - low Cholinergic - low
52
Activity of reticular formation noradrenaline, serotonin, and cholinergic neurones during REM
Noradrenaline - low Serotonin - none Cholinergic - spontaneously active
53
When are reticular formation noradrenaline neurones most active
Fight or flight
54
What causes dreams
Cortex activated by cholinergic input but has no sensory information due to lack of serotonin activity so generates images and perceptions from memories
55
Which voluntary muscles are not paralysed in REM
Muscles involved in breathing and eye movement
56
What prevents people acting out their dreams
REM sleep Atonia
57
REM sleep Atonia
Paralysis of all voluntary muscles except diaphragm and extraocular muscles
58
What causes sleep apnea
REM sleep Atonia affects respiratory muscles
59
What causes ppl to wake up during sleep apnea
Anoxia triggers sympathetic nervous system to release adrenaline
60
How can sleep apnea lead to stroke
Sympathetic activity surge causes BP surge which can rupture brain blood vessels
61
Sleep apnea effects
Disturbed sleep Chronic fatigue Depression Stroke
62
REM sleep Antonia mechanism
Glutaminergic subcoeruleus nucleis excites GABA and glycine inhibit neurones switching off motor neurone activity

BB2 (26 decks)

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