Addiction Flashcards
addiction
chronic disease characterised by drug seeking and use that is compulsive or difficult to control despite harmful consequences
drug abuse
a pattern of drug use in which users consume the substance in amounts or using methods which are directly or indirectly harmful to themselves or others
drug dependence
adaptive state that develops after repeated drug abuse and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use
drug tolerance
diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated administration at a set dose
psychological dependence
dependence involving emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms
physical dependence
dependence that involves significant physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms
emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms
dysphoria
depression
anhedonia
restlessness
physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms
fatigue
nausea
seizures
pain
delirium tremens
targets of opiates
mu and delta opioid receptors
targets of cocaine
DA, NAd, 5HT uptake systems
targets of amphetamines
TAAR1
targets of ethanol
GABAa and NMDA receptors
targets of nicotine
nicotinic receptors
targets of cannabinoids
CB1 receptors
targets of ketamine and phencyclidine
NMDA receptors
targets of hallucinogens
5HT2a receptors
targets of barbituates and benzodiazepines
GABAa receptors
targets of solvents
NMDA, 5HT, GABAa receptors
factors determining addiction development
environment
drug effects
genes
which neural pathway is vital for reward and drug dependence
mesolimbic pathway
3 stages of drug dependence
intoxication/binging
withdrawal
craving/preoccupation/anticipation
what triggers dysphoria in withdrawal
activation of kappa opioid receptors by dynorphin reduces dopamine release
why do drug addicts need to take larger doses to get desired effects
drugs upregulate dynorphin which inhibits dopminergic neurones
brain structures showing changes as drug dependence develops
ventral tegmental areas
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
insula
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
brain changes in addiction
glucose metabolism changes
changes to receptor availability
changes to system activation
up/downregulation of proteins
prefrontal cortex processes impaired in addictes
self control
emotional regulation
motivation
attention
flexibility
working memory
decision making
awareness and insight
learning and memory
salience attribution
iRISA
impaired response inhibition and salience attribution
how do drugs affect genes
gradual accumulation of gene expression changes
which transcription factor is upregulated with chronic administration of any drug
ΔFosB
which drug types can change neurone structures
opiates
psychostimulants
how many units a day is classed as hazardous drinking
5+ for men
3+ for women
effects of acute alcohol intoxication
euphoria
depressed mood
slurred speech
ataxia
general incoordination
pupillary dilatation
hoe does alcohol cause intoxication
depresses excitatory transmission and potentiates inhibitory transmission
alcohol abuse consequences
GI haemorrhage
pancreatitis
alcoholic liver disease
peripheral neuropathy
cerebral atrophy
chronic SD haematoma
acute head injury
neuropsychiatric sequelae
CV impacts
metabolic impacts
MDMA cellular targets
5HT uptake system
dopamine uptake system
5HT2 receptors
H2 histamine receptors
alpha2 adrenergic receptors
what receptor causes psychomotor, temperature, emotional, and perceptual MDMA effects
5HT
Acute MDMA toxicity effects
temperature elevation
disseminated intravascular coagulation
rhabdomyolysis
incr renal reabsorption of water
hyponatraemia
cerebral oedema
which axon types are lost after MDMA overuse
5HT
cannabinoid receptors
CB1
CB2
which locations are CB1 and CB2 receptors found
CB1 CNS
CB2 periphery
cannabinoid intoxication symtoms
hypothermia
rigid immobility
decr motor activity
which mental health issues are linked to cannabis use
schizophrenia
depression
paranoia
are CBD and THC psychotropic
CBD no
THC yes
what are nabilone, sativex, and cannador
nabilone - synthetic THC analog
sativex - THC and CBD 1:1
cannador - THC and CBD 2:1
steps in addiction management
detoxification
psychological support
medication
co occuring health problem treatment
long term follow up
which drugs can be used in alcohol addiction management
benzodiazepines
antiepileptics
acamprosate
naltrexone
disulfiram
SSRIs
thiamine
nalmefene
drugs in management of nicotine addiction
nicotine replacement therapy
bupropion
varenicline
drugs in opiate addiction management
methadone
buprenorphine
clonidine + lofexidine
naltrexone
varenicline adverse effects
nausea
psychiatric disturbances
