Addiction

Question 1

addiction

Answer 1

chronic disease characterised by drug seeking and use that is compulsive or difficult to control despite harmful consequences

Question 2

drug abuse

Answer 2

a pattern of drug use in which users consume the substance in amounts or using methods which are directly or indirectly harmful to themselves or others

Question 3

drug dependence

Answer 3

adaptive state that develops after repeated drug abuse and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use

Question 4

drug tolerance

Answer 4

diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated administration at a set dose

Question 5

psychological dependence

Answer 5

dependence involving emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms

Question 6

physical dependence

Answer 6

dependence that involves significant physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms

Question 7

emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms

Answer 7

dysphoria
depression
anhedonia
restlessness

Question 8

physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms

Answer 8

fatigue
nausea
seizures
pain
delirium tremens

Question 9

targets of opiates

Answer 9

mu and delta opioid receptors

Question 10

targets of cocaine

Answer 10

DA, NAd, 5HT uptake systems

Question 11

targets of amphetamines

Answer 11

TAAR1

Question 12

targets of ethanol

Answer 12

GABAa and NMDA receptors

Question 13

targets of nicotine

Answer 13

nicotinic receptors

Question 14

targets of cannabinoids

Answer 14

CB1 receptors

Question 15

targets of ketamine and phencyclidine

Answer 15

NMDA receptors

Question 16

targets of hallucinogens

Answer 16

5HT2a receptors

Question 17

targets of barbituates and benzodiazepines

Answer 17

GABAa receptors

Question 18

targets of solvents

Answer 18

NMDA, 5HT, GABAa receptors

Question 19

factors determining addiction development

Answer 19

environment
drug effects
genes

Question 20

which neural pathway is vital for reward and drug dependence

Answer 20

mesolimbic pathway

Question 21

3 stages of drug dependence

Answer 21

intoxication/binging
withdrawal
craving/preoccupation/anticipation

Question 22

what triggers dysphoria in withdrawal

Answer 22

activation of kappa opioid receptors by dynorphin reduces dopamine release

Question 23

why do drug addicts need to take larger doses to get desired effects

Answer 23

drugs upregulate dynorphin which inhibits dopminergic neurones

Question 24

brain structures showing changes as drug dependence develops

Answer 24

ventral tegmental areas
nucleus accumbens
amygdala
insula
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus

Question 25

brain changes in addiction

Answer 25

glucose metabolism changes changes to receptor availability changes to system activation up/downregulation of proteins

Question 26

prefrontal cortex processes impaired in addictes

Answer 26

self control emotional regulation motivation attention flexibility working memory decision making awareness and insight learning and memory salience attribution

Question 27

iRISA

Answer 27

impaired response inhibition and salience attribution

Question 28

how do drugs affect genes

Answer 28

gradual accumulation of gene expression changes

Question 29

which transcription factor is upregulated with chronic administration of any drug

Answer 29

ΔFosB

Question 30

which drug types can change neurone structures

Answer 30

opiates psychostimulants

Question 31

how many units a day is classed as hazardous drinking

Answer 31

5+ for men 3+ for women

Question 32

effects of acute alcohol intoxication

Answer 32

euphoria depressed mood slurred speech ataxia general incoordination pupillary dilatation

Question 33

hoe does alcohol cause intoxication

Answer 33

depresses excitatory transmission and potentiates inhibitory transmission

Question 34

alcohol abuse consequences

Answer 34

GI haemorrhage pancreatitis alcoholic liver disease peripheral neuropathy cerebral atrophy chronic SD haematoma acute head injury neuropsychiatric sequelae CV impacts metabolic impacts

Question 35

MDMA cellular targets

Answer 35

5HT uptake system dopamine uptake system 5HT2 receptors H2 histamine receptors alpha2 adrenergic receptors

Question 36

what receptor causes psychomotor, temperature, emotional, and perceptual MDMA effects

Answer 36

5HT

Question 37

Acute MDMA toxicity effects

Answer 37

temperature elevation disseminated intravascular coagulation rhabdomyolysis incr renal reabsorption of water hyponatraemia cerebral oedema

Question 38

which axon types are lost after MDMA overuse

Answer 38

5HT

Question 39

cannabinoid receptors

Answer 39

CB1 CB2

Question 40

which locations are CB1 and CB2 receptors found

Answer 40

CB1 CNS CB2 periphery

Question 41

cannabinoid intoxication symtoms

Answer 41

hypothermia rigid immobility decr motor activity

Question 42

which mental health issues are linked to cannabis use

Answer 42

schizophrenia depression paranoia

Question 43

are CBD and THC psychotropic

Answer 43

CBD no THC yes

Question 44

what are nabilone, sativex, and cannador

Answer 44

nabilone - synthetic THC analog sativex - THC and CBD 1:1 cannador - THC and CBD 2:1

Question 45

steps in addiction management

Answer 45

detoxification psychological support medication co occuring health problem treatment long term follow up

Question 46

which drugs can be used in alcohol addiction management

Answer 46

benzodiazepines antiepileptics acamprosate naltrexone disulfiram SSRIs thiamine nalmefene

Question 47

drugs in management of nicotine addiction

Answer 47

nicotine replacement therapy bupropion varenicline

Question 48

drugs in opiate addiction management

Answer 48

methadone buprenorphine clonidine + lofexidine naltrexone

Question 49

varenicline adverse effects

Answer 49

nausea psychiatric disturbances