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BB2 > Motor System > Flashcards

Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

Are roles in movement More complex and abstract moving anteriorly or posteriorly through the frontal lobe

A

Anteriorly

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2
Q

Most important 2 lobes in motor control

A

Frontal
Posterior parietal

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3
Q

Does each cerebral hemisphere control the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the body

A

Contralateral

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4
Q

3 levels of motor control

A

Conceptual level - goal of action
Response level - goal translated to effector system
Motor implementation level - translate movement into pattern of muscular activation

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5
Q

Which brain areas planning movement

A

Posterior parietal cortex
Frontopolar cortex

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6
Q

Brain areas that organise movement

A

Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex

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7
Q

Brain area that executes movement

A

Primary motor cortex

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8
Q

Which brain area controls intention/desire to move

A

Posterior parietal cortex

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9
Q

Which brain area controls the decision to move

A

Frontopolar cortex

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10
Q

Which brain area controls sequences of motion

A

Supplementary motor area

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11
Q

Which brain area is involved in learning and executing complex movement guided by sensory info

A

Premotor cortex

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12
Q

Which brain area causes movement of particular body parts

A

Primary motor cortex

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13
Q

Location and role of Broadmann areas 39-40

A

Posterior parietal cortex
Form intentions

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14
Q

Use of cognitive control/ executive function

A

Override automatic thoughts and behaviours
Decision making
Perception
Knowledge
Goals
Change form habitual response
Bias selection of actions and thoughts from all possibilities

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15
Q

Effects of prefrontal cortex lesions

A

Unilateral - mild defects
Bilateral - dramatic behavioural and personality changes, loss of goal orientated behaviour

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16
Q

Which Brodmann areas plan goal directed behaviour

A

9 10 46

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17
Q

Effects of lesions in brodmann area 46

A

Attention
Working memory
Decr Ability to inhibit a motor response to a stimulus

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18
Q

Role of medial prefrontal cortex in movement

A

Monitor ongoing activity
Modulate degree of cognitive control needed to continue behaviour

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19
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex role in movement

A

Reward mediated behaviours

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20
Q

Which brodmann area in the orbitofrontal cortex controls reward mediated behaviour

A

11

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21
Q

Brodmann area 11 lesion effects

A

Pseudopsychopathic behaviour
Impulsiveness, jugular attitude, puerility, sexual disinhibition, complete lack of concern for others

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22
Q

Which boadmanns areas make up Broca’s area and which hemisphere is it in

A

44 45
Left hemisphere

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23
Q

Does Broca’s area or wernickes area control production of speech movements

A

Broca’s

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24
Q

Broca’s area lesion effects

A

Motor aphasia -
Short/incomplete sentences
Writing difficulty
Substituting words/sounds
Speak sentences that dont make sense
Retain reading and speech understanding

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25
Q

Which brodmann area makes up the frontal eye fields and what is their function

A

8
Control of visual attention and eye movements

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26
Q

Effect of frontal eye field lesion

A

Ipsilateral - Eye deviates toward side of lesion
Bilateral - oculomotor apraxia

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27
Q

Oculomotor apraxia

A

Pt cannot move eyes horizontally or quickly
Pt must turn head when following moving object to compensate for lack of eye movement

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28
Q

Supplementary motor area role in movement

A

Organises internally guided actions according to preferences and goals
Proactive Control of motor readiness
Reactive inhibition of unwanted movements
Determines response threshold
Plans future elements in movement series

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29
Q

Which part of the brain allows sudden urgent movements/delays, eg running away or unforeseen stops

A

Supplementary motor area

30
Q

Premotor cortex role in movement

A

Organises externally sensory guided actions

31
Q

Lesion of secondary motor areas effects

A

Motor Apraxia

32
Q

Motor apraxia

A

Difficulty performing complex motor tasks including skilled movements and gestures, desire to perform movement, reflexes and muscle strength uneffected

33
Q

What is the milder version of motor ataxia

A

Dyspraxia

34
Q

Why is only minimal damage caused by unilateral secondary motor area lesions

A

Contralateral area can take over function

35
Q

Primary motor cortex function and brodmann area

A

Execution of movements
4

36
Q

Which brain area does the corticospinal tract connect to

A

Primary motor cortex

37
Q

Axons of Which cells in the Cortex form the corticospinal tract

A

Pyramidal cells

38
Q

What is represented by size of a body part on the motor homunculus

A

Complexity of movement

39
Q

Lesion of primary motor cortex effects

A

Paralysis

40
Q

Hemiplagia

A

Loss of voluntary movement on the Contralateral side of body

41
Q

Why are the lower limbs not effected by MCA strokes

A

Lower limbs motor region supplied by Anterior cerebral artery

42
Q

Why is an MCA infarction at at proximal M1 segment more dangerous than at the distal M3 segment

A

M1 effects supply to basal ganglia as well as motor cortex
M3 only effects motor cortex

43
Q

What do corticospinal and corticobulbar axons from the somatosensory cortex do

A

Modulate somatosensory input, eg suppress nocioceptive reflexes

44
Q

Do the basal ganglia and cerebellum impact lower motor neurones directly or indirectly

A

Indirectly through UMNs in VL thalamus and pri motor cortex

45
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract decussate

A

C1-c5

46
Q

Which tracts make up the pyramidal tracts

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar

47
Q

Do injuries effecting the corticospinal tract cause motor defects on the same or opposite side

A

Opposite if injury above spinal cord medulla junction
Same if below spinal cord medulla junction

48
Q

Where does the anterior corticospinal tract terminate and what does it control

A

Cervical cord
Voluntary movements of neck

49
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract comptroller

A

Thumb and digit movements
Spinal reflexes

50
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract control

A

Eye and face muscles

51
Q

Where does the corticobulbar tract terminate

A

Cranial nerve III IV V VI VII nuclei
Pontine nuclei
Reticular formation
Red nucleus

52
Q

Why do upper motor neurone lesions in the corticobulbar tract cause forehead sparing

A

Forehead has bilateral innervation

53
Q

What are the main 3 extrapyramidal tracts

A

Reticulospinal
Lateral vestibulospinal
Rubrospinal

54
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract control

A

Autonomic control of sympathetic pre ganglionic neurons
Drives respirations
General arousal of spinal cord

55
Q

What does the lateral vestibulospinal tract control

A

Posture and balance
Antigravity muscles of lower body

56
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control

A

Muscle tone in upper limb flexor muscle groups
Inhibits extensor tone

57
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract terminate

A

Cervical and thoracic spinal cord

58
Q

2 minor extrapyramidal tracts

A

Medial vestibulospinal - reflex coordination of head and neck muscles with extra ocular eye muscles
Tectospinal - coordinates voluntary head and eye movement

59
Q

Spasticity

A

Abnormally increased muscle tone

60
Q

Clonus

A

Series of jerky contractions of a muscle following sudden stretching of the muscle

61
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

Abnormally brisk tendon reflex

62
Q

Is spasticity characteristic of upper or lower motor neurone lesions

A

Upper

63
Q

Are tendon reflexes increased or decreased in spasticity

A

Increased

64
Q

Does the motor cortex activate or inhibit the extrapyramidal tracts

A

Inhibit

65
Q

What does extrapyramidal system hyperactivity cause

A

Hyperactive stretch reflexes
Spasticity

66
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

Addicted and flexed arms
Wrists and fingers flexed on chest
Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended
Plantarflexion

67
Q

What does decorticate posturing indicate damage to

A

Corticospinal tract above or in midbrain

68
Q

Decerebrate posturing

A

Arms addicted and extended
Wrists pronated and fingers flexed
Legs internally rotated and stiffly extended
Plantarflexion

69
Q

What does decerebrate rigidity indicate damage to

A

Brain injury at upper brainstem level

70
Q

What causes decerebrate and decorticate rigidity

A

Hyperactive stretch reflexes and spasticity caused by loss of motor cortex inhibition to extrapyramidal system

BB2 (26 decks)

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