Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RTE 1513 > Skull, nasal, sinus > Flashcards

Skull, nasal, sinus Flashcards

1
Q

Soft tissue landmark which is found at the base of the anterior nasal spine

A

acanthion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exit point for the CR during the 15 degrees PA axial (caldwell) projection

A

nasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which line is perpendicular to the IR during the modified pareitoacanthail (modified waters) projection

A

LML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Line which is at a 37 degree angle to the IR and table top during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

A

OML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Angle of the OML from horizontal for the erect PA Caldwell sinus projection which will remove the need to angel the CR

A

15º from horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paranasal sinuses which are best demonstrated with a PA (Caldwell) projection

A

Frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Modality that can be performed to rule out sinusitis of the sphenoid sinus

A

U/S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Structure that lies directly superior to the sphenoid sinus

A

sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aspect of the ethmoid bone that contains the ethmoid air cells

A

lat masses/labrynth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The largest of the paranasal sinuses

A

maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sinuses which develop during puberty

A

ethmodal air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Age at which only the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses become distinguishable

A

6-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure which is the exit point for the CR on a properly positioned Waters.

A

acanthion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Positioning line which is perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (Waters) projection

A

MML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proper anatomy and location shown for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

A

Dense petrous pyramids are projected below the maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A radiograph of a lateral skull demonstrates that the oribital plates (roof) of the frontal bone are not superimposed. What is the positioning error present on this radiograph?

A

tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A radiograph of a SMV projection of the cranium demonstrates that mandibular condyles are projected into the petrous portion (pyramids) of the temporal bone. How must the position be altered during the repeat exposure to correct his error?

A

Extend the skull further to place the IOML parallel to the IR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The majority of the hard plate is formed by

A

maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The sphenoid sinus lies directly inferor to the

A

sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the angle between the OML and plane of image receptor with a parietoacanthial (waters method) projection? 
This places the _______ positioning line perpendicular to the IR.

A

37º; MML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The CR is centered to exit at the level of the _________ for a well positioned parietoacanthial projection.

A

acanthion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Condition that begins with bony destruction followed by bony repair.

A

Paget’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tangential view may be helpful to determine extent or degree of this fracture.

A

Depressed Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Destructive lesion with irregular margin.

A

Osteolytic neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bone tumor originiating in the bone marrow.

A

Multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fracture evident by sphenoid sinus effusion

A

Basal fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the IOML perpendicular to the image receptor?

A

37º caudad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what lies just ant. and med. to the frontal process of the maxilla?

A

nasal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which two projections of the cranium project the dorsum sellae within the foramen magnum?

A

AP Towne, PA Haas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?

A

stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How much central ray angle is required for the AP axial projection (towne method) for skull with the OML perpendicular to the image receptor?

A

30º caudad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is the central ray centered for a lateral projection of the cranium?

A

2” sup. to EAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where should the petrous ridges be located (on the image) for a well positioned, 25 degree cephalic PA axial (haas method) projection?

A

Superior to the mastoid processes and symmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which middle ear structures is considered to be most lateral?

A

malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cranium reveals that the greater wings of sphenoid are not superimposed. What type of positioning error is present on this radiograph?

A

Tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A radiograph of an AP axial projection for the cranium reveals that the dorsum sellae is projected superior to the foramen magnum. What must be modified during the repeat exposure to correct this problem?

A

Increase CR angle approximate 7 degrees caudad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

A radiographh of a 15 degree caudad PA axial projection of the cranium reveals that the petrous ridges are at the level of the supraorbital margin. Without changing the central ray angle, how must the head position be modified during the repeat exposure to produce a more acceptable image?

A

Increase extension of the skull to place OML perpendicular to the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A patient with a possible basilar skull fracture enters the emergency room. They physician wants a projection to demonstrate a possible sphenoid sinus effusion. Which projection of the cranium is best for this situation?

A

Horizontal beam lateral skull projection with a 15 degree cephalic angel to the OML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A patient comes to the radiology department for a skull series. Because of the size of the patient’s shoulders, he is unable to flex his neck sufficiently to place the OML perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial projection. His head cannot be raised because of possible cervical trauma. What other options does the technologist have to obtain an acceptable AP axial projection?

A

Use the IOML (instead of OML), increase angle and add 7 degrees cuadad for a total of 37 degrees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A radiograph of an AP axial (Town method) projection for cranium reveals that the posterior arch of C1 and dorsum sellae are superimposed. Both are projected into the foramen magnum. What modificaton is needed to correct this error present on the initial radiograph?

A

decrease CR angle based on the skull line used OML-30 degrees or IOML –37 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where are the petrous ridges projected for a properly positioned modified parietoacanthia projection?

A

lower 1/2 of the maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The CR should be angled as needed to be parallel to the glabellomeatal line (GML) for the superoinferior tangential projection of the nasal bones. (T/F)

A

F. GAL should be II to CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which positioning line is placed perpendicular to the image receptor for a modified parietoacanthial projection?

A

LML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the nasal bones?

A

1/2” inf to nasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where is the CR centered for a lateral projection of the paransal sinuses?

A

midway between the outer canthius and the EAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why should a patient remain in an erect position for at least 5 minutes before sinus radiography?

A

to allow fluid in sinuses to settle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which routine projection is best for demonstrating the maxillary sinuses?

A

Pareitoananthial (waters) projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Location of the petrous ridges for a properly positioned modified waters (modified parietoacanthial) projection.

A

Lower half of the maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Positioning line to which the CR should be adjusted parallel for the superinferior projection for the nasal bones

A

GAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Age at which all paranasal sinuses are fully developed

A

17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Paranasal sinuses which communicate with the nasal cavity

A

all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The only paranasal sinuses which are not contained within cranial bones

A

maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Best sinus routine for a patient with a possible sphenoid sinus polyp.

A

Basic-lateral 
PA Caldwell, 
Parietoacanthial, 
SMV Special–PA transoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Positioning error occurring during a parietoacanthial which shows the petrous ridges just below the maxillary sinuses

A

No Error shown, petrous ridges should be below the floors of the maxillary sinuses during the waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Correction to be made during a PA transoral which shows the sphenoid sinus superimposed over the upper teeth and nasal cavity

A

Increase extension of the head and neck to project the entire sphenoid sinus through the oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Positioning error shown during an SMV sinus in which the distance between the mandibular condyles and lateral border of the skull is not equal.

A

HEAD TILT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

A patient with a clinical history of secondary osteomyelitis comes to the radiology department. Which imaging modalities or procedures can be performed to demonstrate the extend of damage to the sinuses.

A

Routine sinus series or CT if the sinuses can best demonstrate bony erosion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Positioning line which ensures adequate extension of the head for the SMV projection, when it is placed parallel to the IR

A

IOML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Proper CR centering for a lateral projection of the nasal bones

A

1/2” inf to nasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a modified parietoacanthial projection?

A

LML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

A superinferior, tangential projection for the nasal bones was taken with the following analog exposure factors: 18x24 cm (8x10), IR crosswise, 85 kv, 13 MAS, 40 inch SID. The resultant radiograph was unsatisfactory because of poor visibility of the nasal bones. Which technical factors should be changed for the repeat exposure?

A

Reduce kVp to 50 or 60 and increase mAs accordingly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

A radiograph of lateral position for sinuses reveals that the greater wings of the sphenoid bone are not superimposed. What specific positioning error is present?

A

tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Why should the horizontal CR be used for the erect PA (Caldwell) projection for sinuses rather than the usual 15 degrees caudad angle?

A

To demonstrate any air/fluid levels w/o distortion

64
Q

Where is the central ray centered for an SMV projection of the skull?

A

1.5” inferior to the mandibular symphysis midway between the gonions.

65
Q

Name of the structure which divides the nasal cavity into compartments and circulates air coming into the nasal cavities

A

conchae or turbinates

66
Q

two structures that are better visualized on the modified parietoacanthial (waters) as compared with the basic waters method

A

orbital rims, orbital floors

67
Q

CR angle that must be used to project ridges just below the orbital floor with the PA axial (Caldwell) projection

A

30º

68
Q

Name of the winus which will be projected through the open mouth with a PA axial transoral projection

A

sphenoid

69
Q

Name of the passageway between the maxillary sinuses and middle nasal meatus

A

infundibulum

70
Q

what is between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella?

A

frontal sinuses

71
Q

specific aspect of the ethmoid bone which contains the ethmoid sinuses?

A

lat masses/labrynths

72
Q

age at which the frontal sinuses usually become aerated

A

6

73
Q

Name of the sinus which can be affected by an infection of the teeth if the infection travels upward

A

maxillary

74
Q

Preferred modality to study soft tissue changes and masses within the sinuses

A

MRI

75
Q

Modality which can be used to rule out sinusities

A

U/S of maxillary sinuses

76
Q

kv range for sinuses

A

65-80

77
Q

Is secondary osteomyelities caused by a tumor?

A

no

78
Q

Projection that best demonstrates the profile image of the nasal bones and nasal septum

A

lat

79
Q

Proper location of the petrous ridges for a PA waters projection

A

directly below maxillary sinuses

80
Q

Exit point for the CR during the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

A

acanthion

81
Q

Line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projecton

A

MML

82
Q

Positioning error shown during a parietoacanthial (waters) shows that the distance between the MSP and the outer orbital margin is not equal

A

head rotation

83
Q

Correction to be made durng a PA (Caldwell) sinus x-ray when the petrous ridges are projected into the lower half of the orbits, obscuring the ethmoid sinuses

A

head and neck must be extended more to project the petrous ridges below the ethmod sinuses

84
Q

Best radiographic routine for an ER patient with possible fracture of the nasal bones with concern of deviation of the bony nasal septum.

A

PA Waters, and right and left laterals (superinferior only if requsted)

85
Q

Correction to be made during a superinferior projection of the nasal bones which shows the glabella superimposed over the nasal bones

A

Decrease flexion of the head and neck or fix CR angle so GAL II to CR

86
Q

Anatomy best seen with the PA transoral sinus projection

A

sphenoid sinus in oral cavity

87
Q

Anatomy best seen with the SMV sinus projection

A

Inferosuperior view of the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

88
Q

Anatomy best seen with the PA Caldwell sinus projection

A

Best view of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses

89
Q

Anatomt best seen with the parietoacanthial (waters) projection of the sinuses

A

maxillary sinuses

90
Q

Anatomy best seen with the lateral sinus projection

A

all four paranasal sinuses

91
Q

The one major difference in positioning between the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and PA axial transoral projections

A

The mouth (oral cavity) is open with the PA transoral projection

92
Q

Sinuses which are projected through the oral cavity with the PA Axial transoral projection

A

Sphenoid sinuses

93
Q

Proper CR exit point for both the PA parietoacanthial (waters) and the PA axial transoral (open mouth waters) projection

A

level of acanthion

94
Q

Three paranasal sinuses which are demonstrated with an SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses

A

Sphenoid sinus

Ethmoid sinus 

Maxillary sinus

95
Q

Location of the petrous ridges on a well positioned parietoacanthial projection

A

just below the maxillary sinuses

96
Q

Positioning line which is placed perpendicular to the IR for a parietoacanthial (Waters) paranasal sinus projection

A

MML

97
Q

Amount of angel of the OML to the IR for the parietoacanthial (waters) projection

A

37º

98
Q

Group of paranasal sinuses which is best demonstrated with a pareitoacanthial (waters) projection

A

maxillary

99
Q

Alternate lateral paranasal sinus projection to be taken for a patient who cannot stand

A

horizontal XR beam

100
Q

Four most commonly performed basic or routine projections for paranasal sinuses

A

Lateral 
PA Caldwell 
Parietoacanthial (waters) 
SMV—submentovertex

101
Q

Location or junction at which a deviated nasal septum is most likely to occur?

A

between the septal cartilage and the vomer (pushed laterally to one side)

102
Q

term for average shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

A

mesocephalic, 47º

103
Q

term for short broad shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

A

brachycephalic, >47º (+/-54º)

104
Q

term for long narrow shaped head and approx angle of petrous pyramids

A

dolichocephalic, <47º (+/- 40º)

105
Q

skull is made of how many bones

A

22

106
Q

4 cranial bones that primarily make up floor of calvarium?

A

R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

107
Q

junction of eyelids near nose aka

A

inner canthus

108
Q

lat junction of 2 eyelids aka

A

outer canthus

109
Q

sup. rim of the orbits aka

A

superior orbital margin (SOM)

110
Q

inf. rim of orbit aka

A

infraorbital margin (IOM)

111
Q

lat portion of the orbital rim aka

A

midlateral orbital margin

112
Q

the most ant. part of the calvarium is?

A

the frontal bone

113
Q

how many bones articulate w the parietal bone?

A

5

114
Q

what 5 bones articulate w the parietal bone?

A

frontal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and opp. parietal

115
Q

how many bones articulate w the occipital bone?

A

6

116
Q

what 6 bones articulate w the occipital?

A

2 parietals, 2 temporals, sphenoid, and atlas

117
Q

how many bones articulate w the temporal bone?

A

3

118
Q

what 3 bones articulate w the temporal bone?

A

parietal, occipital and sphenoid

119
Q

how many bones does the sphenoid articulate w?

A

all other 7 cranial bones

120
Q

how many cranial bones are there?

A

8

121
Q

what is the calvarium?

A

skull cap (frontal, R/L parietal, occipital)

122
Q

cranial bones are divided into?

A

calvarium/skullcap and cranial floor

123
Q

what bones make up the cranial floor?

A

R/L temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

124
Q

how many bones does the ethmoid articulate w?

A

2

125
Q

which 2 bones does the ethmoid articulate w?

A

frontal and sphenoid

126
Q

which small section of bone is located sup. to cribriform plate?

A

crista galli

127
Q

shallow depression just post. to the base of the dorsum sellae and ant. to the foramen magnum is the

A

clivus

128
Q

what is the name of the cranial suture formed by the inf. junction of the parietals to the temporal bones?

A

squamosal

129
Q

pterygoid hamulus is located on which bone?

A

sphenoid

130
Q

ant. clinoid process is located on which bone?

A

sphenoid

131
Q

glabella is located on which bone?

A

frontal

132
Q

foramen ovale is located on which bone?

A

sphenoid

133
Q

perpendicular plate is located on which bone?

A

ethmoid

134
Q

sup. nasal conchae is located on which bone?

A

ethmoid

135
Q

foramen magnum is located on which bone?

A

occipital

136
Q

cribriform plate is located on which bone?

A

ethmoid

137
Q

zygomatic processes are located on which bone?

A

temporal

138
Q

lat. condylar portions are located on which bone?

A

occipital

139
Q

superciliary arch is located on which bone?

A

frontal

140
Q

EAM is located on which bone?

A

temporal

141
Q

inion is located on which bone?

A

occipital

142
Q

sella turcica is located on which bone?

A

sphenoid

143
Q

petrous ridge is located on which bone?

A

temporal

144
Q

petrous ridge corresponds to the level of which important external landmark

A

TEA (top of ear attachment)

145
Q

(lat skull) tilt is evident by ____ & ____ separation of symmetric horizontal structures such as _________ & ____________ of sphenoid

A

sup. & inf.; orbital roofs/plates & greater wings of sphenoid

146
Q

(lat skull) rotation is evident by ____ & ____ separation of symmetrical vertical bilat structures such as ____, mandibular rami, and ______ of sphenoid

A

ant. & post.; EAM, greater wings of sphenoid

147
Q

(PA Caldwell) no rotation is assessed by equal distance of what?

A

equal distance from the midlat orbital margins to the lat cortex of cranium

148
Q

(PA Caldwell) if the distance btw the R lat orbit and lat cranial cortex is greater than the L side, what has occurred?

A

face rotated toward L side

149
Q

supraorbital groove (SOG) important bc it corresponds to the highest level of the facial bone mass, which is also the level of the?

A

floor of the ant. fossa of the cranial vault

150
Q

the post. extension of the ____ approximates the location of the inion

A

IOML

151
Q

slanting of MSP laterally is called what?

A

tilt

152
Q

(AP Towne) dorsum sellae projected sup. to foramen magnum indicates?

A

underangulation of CR or insufficient neck flexion/extension

153
Q

(AP Towne) superimposition of post. arch of C1 over the dorsum sellae w/in the foramen magnum, foreshortening the dorsum sellae, indicates?

A

overangulation of CR or excessive flexion

154
Q

(AP Towne) shifting of the ant./post. clinoid processes laterally w/in the foramen magnum indicates?

A

tilt

155
Q

what position of skull does NOT show tilt w the MSP perpendicular to the IR?

A

PA Caldwell

156
Q

(SMV) if distance on the L side btw the mandibular ramus and lat cranium is greater on the L than R, then the cranial vertex is what?

A

tilted to the L

RTE 1513 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions