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RTE 1513 > C/T-Spine > Flashcards

C/T-Spine Flashcards

0
Q

2 primary curves of spine

A

thoracic & sacral

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1
Q

total bones in adult vertebral column?

A

26

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2
Q

2 secondary/compensatory curves of spine

A

cervical & lumbar

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3
Q

what portions of spine have convex curve (kyphotic)

A

thoracic & sacrum

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4
Q

what portions of spine have concave curve (lordotic)

A

cervical & lumbar

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5
Q

abnormal/exaggerate “sway back” lumbar curvature

A

lordosis

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6
Q

abnormal lat curve seen in thoracolumbar spine

A

scoliosis

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7
Q

2 main parts of typical vertebra

A

body & vertebral arch

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8
Q

2 bony aspects of vertebral arch that extend posteriorly from ea pedicle to join at the midline

A

lamina

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9
Q

created by 2 small notches on the superior and inferior aspects of the pedicles

A

intervertebral foramina

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10
Q

spinal cord begins w

A

medulla oblongata

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11
Q

spinal cord extends down to which vertebra? and tapers off into what?

A

L1; conus medullaris

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12
Q

which structures pass through the intervertebral foramina

A

spinal nerves, blood vessels

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13
Q

whats found btw the sup. and inf. articular processes?

A

zygapophyseal joints

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14
Q

which 3 vertebrae have full facets for articulation w ribs?

A

T1, T11 & T12

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15
Q

which zygapophyseal joints of cervical vertebra are visualized in true lat?

A

C3-C7

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16
Q

the zygapophyseal joints of C1 & C2 are shown on which projection?

A

AP open mouth

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17
Q

outer aspect of intervertebral disk

A

annulus fibrosus

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18
Q

inner aspect of intervertebral disk

A

nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

aka “slipped disk”

A

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

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20
Q

C1 aka

A

atlas

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21
Q

C2 aka

A

axis

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22
Q

C7 aka

A

vertebra prominens

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23
Q

3 unique feat.’s of C-vertebra

A

overlapping vertebral bodies
transverse foramina
bifid spinous process

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24
Q

short column of bone found btw sup. and inf. articular processes in typical C-vertebra

A

articular pillar

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25
Q

whats the term for “articular pillar” for the C1 vertebra?

A

lateral mass

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26
Q

the zygapophyseal joints for the T-spine are at a ______ degree angle to the MSP

A

70-75

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27
Q

name of the joint found btw the sup. articular processes of C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull

A

occipitoatlantal articulation

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28
Q

modified body of C2 is called ______ or ______

A

dens/odontoid process

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29
Q

a lack of symmetry of zygapophyseal joints btw C1 and C2 may be caused by injury or may be assoc w?

A

rotation of skull

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30
Q

whats the unique feat. of all T-vertebra?

A

facets for rib articulation

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31
Q

which specific T-vertebrae are classified as typical (least resemble C- or L-vertebra)

A

T5-T8

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32
Q

for the CR to pass through and “open” the intervertebral spaces on a 45 degree posterior obl XR of C-vertebra, what CR angle is required?

A

15 degrees cephalad

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33
Q

upper portion of sternum

A

manubrium

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34
Q

sup. margin of manubrium

A

jugular notch

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35
Q

center portion of sternum

A

body

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36
Q

joint btw top and center portions of sternum

A

sternal angle

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37
Q

most inf. aspect of sternum

A

xiphoid process

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38
Q

Gonion is at…

A

C3

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39
Q

tip of xiphoid process is at…

A

T9-10

40
Q

thyroid cartilage is at…

A

C4-6

41
Q

jugular notch is at…

A

T2-3

42
Q

sternal angle is at…

A

T4-5

43
Q

mastoid tip is at…

A

C1

44
Q

vertebra prominens is at…

A

C7-T1

45
Q

3-4” below jugular notch is at…

A

T7

46
Q

in addition to gonads, which other radiosensitive organs are of greatest concern during cervical and thoracic spine radiography

A

thyroid, parathyroid glands, and breasts

47
Q

2 advt’gs of using higher kV exposure factors (analog) for spine, especially on AP T-spine XR

A

decrease in pt dose and increase is exposure latitude (wider range of densities)

48
Q

what are replacing myelography as the imaging modalities of choice for the diagnosis of a ruptured intervertebral disk

A

MRI and CT

49
Q

what is often performed to diagnose bone tumors of spine

A

nuclear med

50
Q

to ensure that the intervertebral joint spaces are open for lat T-spine XRs, it is important to

A

keep the vertebral column parallel to the IR

51
Q

for lat and obl XRs of the C-spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail by: (2)

A

use small focal spot

increase SID

52
Q

fracture through the pedicles and ant. arch of C2 w forward displacement upon C3

A

Hangman’s fracture

53
Q

vertebrae inflammation

A

spondylitis

54
Q

abnmormal/exaggerated convex curve of T-spine

A

Kyphosis

55
Q

comminuted fracture of the vertebral body w post. fragments displaced into the spinal canal

A

teardrop burst fracture

56
Q

avulsion fracture of the spinous process of C7

A

clay shoveler’s fracture

57
Q

form of rheumatoid arthritis

A

ankylosing spondylitis

58
Q

impact fracture from axial loading of the ant. & post. arch of C1

A

Jefferson fracture

59
Q

mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence

A

Scheuermann disease

60
Q

produces “bow tie” sign

A

Unilateral subluxation

61
Q

conventional XR’s performed for scoliosis

A

erect (AP/PA) & lat spine including bending

62
Q

conventional exams performed for teardrop burst fracture

A

lat C-spine

63
Q

conventional exams performed for Jefferson fracture

A

AP open mouth, tomagraphy following lat projection

64
Q

conventional exam performed for Scheuermann disease

A

scoliosis series

65
Q

conventional exams performed for unilateral subluxation of C-spine

A

lat C-spine

66
Q

conventional exams performed for HNP

A

lat of affected spine

67
Q

major differences btw spondylosis & spondylitis

A

spondylitis is an inflammatory process of vertebrae;

spondylosis is a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of a vertebral joint

68
Q

name the procedure that requires the injection of contrast into the subarachnoid space

A

myelography

69
Q

ideal modality for detecting early signs of osteomyelitis

A

nuclear med

70
Q

which 2 landmarks must be aligned for an AP “open mouth” XR?

A

lower margin of upper incisors & base of skull

71
Q

what must be entirely demonstrated on AP open mouth XR

A

entire dens

72
Q

purpose of 15-20 cephalic angle for AP C-spine

A

to open up intervertebral disk spaces

73
Q

is more or less CR angle is required for AP C-spine if performed supine?

A

less

74
Q

what CR angle is used for post. obl XR of C-spine

A

15 degrees cephalad

75
Q

which foramina are demonstrated w a LPO C-spine

A

R intervertebral foramina (upside)

76
Q

which foramina are demonstrated w an LAO C-spine

A

L intervertebral foramina (downside)

77
Q

in addition to extending the chin, which additional positioning technique can be done to ensure that the mandible is not superimposed over the upper C-vertebrae for obl XR

A

rotate skull into near lat pos.

78
Q

lat C-spine should be taken during _______(resp). why?

A

expiration; for max shoulder depression

79
Q

which XR must be taken1st if trauma to C-spine is suspected and pt is in supine pos on a backboard?

A

lat w horizontal beam

80
Q

proper name of the method for swimmer’s cervicothoracic lat?

A

Twining method

81
Q

where do you center CR for Swimmer’s lat?

A

T1; 1” sup. jugular notch anteriorly, or level of vertebra prominens posteriorly

82
Q

which region of the spine must be demonstrated w a simmer’s lat?

A

C5-T3

83
Q

which one of the following XRs is considered a F(x)al study of C-spine

A

hyperextension/hyperflexion lat pos.’s

84
Q

when should Fuchs/Judd method be performed

A

if unable to demonstrate the upper portion of dens w AP open mouth

85
Q

which AP C-spine XR demonstrates the entire upper C-spine w 1 single projection?

A

AP “wagging jaw” method (Ottonello method)

86
Q

which 2 things can be done to produce equal density along the entire T-spine for the AP XR?

A

correct use of anode-heel effect; use wedge filter

87
Q

which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated in a RAO XR of T-spine

A

R (downside)

88
Q

which XR has greatest skin dose?
AP T-spine Swimmer’s lat
Lat C-Spine Fuchs/Judd

A

Swimmer’s lat

89
Q

the thyroid dose during a post. obl C-spine is _____ than 10 x’s the dose for an ant. obl

A

more

90
Q

whatg is best demonstrated on AP axial vertebral arch XR?

A

articular pillars (lat masses) of C-spine

91
Q

what CR angle must be used w AP axial vertebral arch XR?

A

20-30 degrees caudad

92
Q

which skull positioning line is aligned perpendicular to the IR for a PA (Judd) XR for odontoid?

A

MML

93
Q

which zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated on the LPO T-spine?

A

R

94
Q

how much body rotation is required for an obl pos of T-spine from a true lat pos?

A

20 degrees

95
Q

an AP open mouth XR shows that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper odontoid process. which specific pos error is present?

A

excessive skull rotation

96
Q

an AP axial C-spine XR shows that the intervertebral disk spaces are not open. following was done: extension of skull, CR 10 degrees cephalad to thyroid cartilage, no rotation/tilt of spine. What must be modified?

A

increaser CR angle to 15 degrees cephalad

97
Q

an RPO C-spine shows that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. the upper intervertebral foramina are well visualized. what pos error?

A

under-rotation of upper body

98
Q

lat c-spine shows that C7 is not clearly demonstrated. following used: erect pos, 44”, arms down by the pt’s side, and exposure during inspiration. which 2 factors should be changed to produce more diagnostic img?

A

expose during expiration & increase SID to 72”

RTE 1513 (15 decks)

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