C/T-Spine Flashcards
0
Q
2 primary curves of spine
A
thoracic & sacral
1
Q
total bones in adult vertebral column?
A
26
2
Q
2 secondary/compensatory curves of spine
A
cervical & lumbar
3
Q
what portions of spine have convex curve (kyphotic)
A
thoracic & sacrum
4
Q
what portions of spine have concave curve (lordotic)
A
cervical & lumbar
5
Q
abnormal/exaggerate “sway back” lumbar curvature
A
lordosis
6
Q
abnormal lat curve seen in thoracolumbar spine
A
scoliosis
7
Q
2 main parts of typical vertebra
A
body & vertebral arch
8
Q
2 bony aspects of vertebral arch that extend posteriorly from ea pedicle to join at the midline
A
lamina
9
Q
created by 2 small notches on the superior and inferior aspects of the pedicles
A
intervertebral foramina
10
Q
spinal cord begins w
A
medulla oblongata
11
Q
spinal cord extends down to which vertebra? and tapers off into what?
A
L1; conus medullaris
12
Q
which structures pass through the intervertebral foramina
A
spinal nerves, blood vessels
13
Q
whats found btw the sup. and inf. articular processes?
A
zygapophyseal joints
14
Q
which 3 vertebrae have full facets for articulation w ribs?
A
T1, T11 & T12
15
Q
which zygapophyseal joints of cervical vertebra are visualized in true lat?
A
C3-C7
16
Q
the zygapophyseal joints of C1 & C2 are shown on which projection?
A
AP open mouth
17
Q
outer aspect of intervertebral disk
A
annulus fibrosus
18
Q
inner aspect of intervertebral disk
A
nucleus pulposus
19
Q
aka “slipped disk”
A
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
20
Q
C1 aka
A
atlas
21
Q
C2 aka
A
axis
22
Q
C7 aka
A
vertebra prominens
23
Q
3 unique feat.’s of C-vertebra
A
overlapping vertebral bodies
transverse foramina
bifid spinous process
24
short column of bone found btw sup. and inf. articular processes in typical C-vertebra
articular pillar
25
whats the term for "articular pillar" for the C1 vertebra?
lateral mass
26
the zygapophyseal joints for the T-spine are at a ______ degree angle to the MSP
70-75
27
name of the joint found btw the sup. articular processes of C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull
occipitoatlantal articulation
28
modified body of C2 is called ______ or ______
dens/odontoid process
29
a lack of symmetry of zygapophyseal joints btw C1 and C2 may be caused by injury or may be assoc w?
rotation of skull
30
whats the unique feat. of all T-vertebra?
facets for rib articulation
31
which specific T-vertebrae are classified as typical (least resemble C- or L-vertebra)
T5-T8
32
for the CR to pass through and "open" the intervertebral spaces on a 45 degree posterior obl XR of C-vertebra, what CR angle is required?
15 degrees cephalad
33
upper portion of sternum
manubrium
34
sup. margin of manubrium
jugular notch
35
center portion of sternum
body
36
joint btw top and center portions of sternum
sternal angle
37
most inf. aspect of sternum
xiphoid process
38
Gonion is at...
C3
39
tip of xiphoid process is at...
T9-10
40
thyroid cartilage is at...
C4-6
41
jugular notch is at...
T2-3
42
sternal angle is at...
T4-5
43
mastoid tip is at...
C1
44
vertebra prominens is at...
C7-T1
45
3-4" below jugular notch is at...
T7
46
in addition to gonads, which other radiosensitive organs are of greatest concern during cervical and thoracic spine radiography
thyroid, parathyroid glands, and breasts
47
2 advt'gs of using higher kV exposure factors (analog) for spine, especially on AP T-spine XR
decrease in pt dose and increase is exposure latitude (wider range of densities)
48
what are replacing myelography as the imaging modalities of choice for the diagnosis of a ruptured intervertebral disk
MRI and CT
49
what is often performed to diagnose bone tumors of spine
nuclear med
50
to ensure that the intervertebral joint spaces are open for lat T-spine XRs, it is important to
keep the vertebral column parallel to the IR
51
for lat and obl XRs of the C-spine, it is important to minimize magnification and maximize detail by: (2)
use small focal spot
| increase SID
52
fracture through the pedicles and ant. arch of C2 w forward displacement upon C3
Hangman's fracture
53
vertebrae inflammation
spondylitis
54
abnmormal/exaggerated convex curve of T-spine
Kyphosis
55
comminuted fracture of the vertebral body w post. fragments displaced into the spinal canal
teardrop burst fracture
56
avulsion fracture of the spinous process of C7
clay shoveler's fracture
57
form of rheumatoid arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
58
impact fracture from axial loading of the ant. & post. arch of C1
Jefferson fracture
59
mild form of scoliosis and kyphosis developing during adolescence
Scheuermann disease
60
produces "bow tie" sign
Unilateral subluxation
61
conventional XR's performed for scoliosis
erect (AP/PA) & lat spine including bending
62
conventional exams performed for teardrop burst fracture
lat C-spine
63
conventional exams performed for Jefferson fracture
AP open mouth, tomagraphy following lat projection
64
conventional exam performed for Scheuermann disease
scoliosis series
65
conventional exams performed for unilateral subluxation of C-spine
lat C-spine
66
conventional exams performed for HNP
lat of affected spine
67
major differences btw spondylosis & spondylitis
spondylitis is an inflammatory process of vertebrae;
| spondylosis is a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of a vertebral joint
68
name the procedure that requires the injection of contrast into the subarachnoid space
myelography
69
ideal modality for detecting early signs of osteomyelitis
nuclear med
70
which 2 landmarks must be aligned for an AP "open mouth" XR?
lower margin of upper incisors & base of skull
71
what must be entirely demonstrated on AP open mouth XR
entire dens
72
purpose of 15-20 cephalic angle for AP C-spine
to open up intervertebral disk spaces
73
is more or less CR angle is required for AP C-spine if performed supine?
less
74
what CR angle is used for post. obl XR of C-spine
15 degrees cephalad
75
which foramina are demonstrated w a LPO C-spine
R intervertebral foramina (upside)
76
which foramina are demonstrated w an LAO C-spine
L intervertebral foramina (downside)
77
in addition to extending the chin, which additional positioning technique can be done to ensure that the mandible is not superimposed over the upper C-vertebrae for obl XR
rotate skull into near lat pos.
78
lat C-spine should be taken during _______(resp). why?
expiration; for max shoulder depression
79
which XR must be taken1st if trauma to C-spine is suspected and pt is in supine pos on a backboard?
lat w horizontal beam
80
proper name of the method for swimmer's cervicothoracic lat?
Twining method
81
where do you center CR for Swimmer's lat?
T1; 1" sup. jugular notch anteriorly, or level of vertebra prominens posteriorly
82
which region of the spine must be demonstrated w a simmer's lat?
C5-T3
83
which one of the following XRs is considered a F(x)al study of C-spine
hyperextension/hyperflexion lat pos.'s
84
when should Fuchs/Judd method be performed
if unable to demonstrate the upper portion of dens w AP open mouth
85
which AP C-spine XR demonstrates the entire upper C-spine w 1 single projection?
AP "wagging jaw" method (Ottonello method)
86
which 2 things can be done to produce equal density along the entire T-spine for the AP XR?
correct use of anode-heel effect; use wedge filter
87
which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated in a RAO XR of T-spine
R (downside)
88
which XR has greatest skin dose?
AP T-spine Swimmer's lat
Lat C-Spine Fuchs/Judd
Swimmer's lat
89
the thyroid dose during a post. obl C-spine is _____ than 10 x's the dose for an ant. obl
more
90
whatg is best demonstrated on AP axial vertebral arch XR?
articular pillars (lat masses) of C-spine
91
what CR angle must be used w AP axial vertebral arch XR?
20-30 degrees caudad
92
which skull positioning line is aligned perpendicular to the IR for a PA (Judd) XR for odontoid?
MML
93
which zygapophyseal joints are best demonstrated on the LPO T-spine?
R
94
how much body rotation is required for an obl pos of T-spine from a true lat pos?
20 degrees
95
an AP open mouth XR shows that the base of the skull is superimposed over the upper odontoid process. which specific pos error is present?
excessive skull rotation
96
an AP axial C-spine XR shows that the intervertebral disk spaces are not open. following was done: extension of skull, CR 10 degrees cephalad to thyroid cartilage, no rotation/tilt of spine. What must be modified?
increaser CR angle to 15 degrees cephalad
97
an RPO C-spine shows that the lower intervertebral foramina are not open. the upper intervertebral foramina are well visualized. what pos error?
under-rotation of upper body
98
lat c-spine shows that C7 is not clearly demonstrated. following used: erect pos, 44", arms down by the pt's side, and exposure during inspiration. which 2 factors should be changed to produce more diagnostic img?
expose during expiration & increase SID to 72"
