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RTE 1513 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

of bones in child sacrum

A

5

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2
Q

of bones in child coccyx

A

4

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3
Q

post. obl C-spine, you view which side? What CR angle?

A

Upside; 15 degrees cephalad

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4
Q

ant. obl C-spine, which side is viewed? What CR angle?

A

Downside; 15 degree caudad

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5
Q

post. obl T-spine demonstrates what?

A

upside zygapophyseal joints

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6
Q

ant. obl T-spine demonstrates what?

A

downside zygapophyseal joints

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7
Q

1” below level of EAM

A

C1

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8
Q

T1 is about ______________ to the level of the jugular notch

A

1.5” superior

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9
Q

examinations of the c-spine generally are made with the patient ______ to demonstrate alignment and ligament stability

A

erect

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10
Q

T-spines are usually radiographed with the pt ________, except for ________ exams

A

recumbent; scoliosis

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11
Q

what reduces chance of motion

A

short exposure T w optimal kV and mA settings

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12
Q

what do you do to exposure factors when pt has osteoporosis?

A

the kV and/or mAs may need to be reduced

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13
Q

Myelography

A

inject contrast into spinal canal at L3-4, to check for lesions that appear as filling defects

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14
Q

Clay shoveler’s fracture results from what?

A

hyper flexion of neck

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15
Q

Clay shoveler’s fracture is best seen on what XR?

A

lat C-spine

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16
Q

Which XR’s best demonstrate a Jefferson’s fracture?

A

AP open mouth and lat C-spine (splintered or crushed fracture from axial load)

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17
Q

HNP best demonstrated by?

A

MRI of spine

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18
Q

Angle CR 15 degrees cephalad for AP C-spine when pt is?

A

supine

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19
Q

angle CR 20 degrees cephalad for AP C-spine when pt is?

A

erect, or more lordotic curvature is evident

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20
Q

erect or recumbent pos preferred for C-spine

A

erect

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21
Q

structure demonstrated on AP C-spine?

A

body of C3-T2, spinous processes, shadow of mandible and occipital bone

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22
Q

an XR of AP “wagging jaw” (Ottonello method) was taken at 75 kV, 20 mAs, and 0.5 sec shows that part of the mandible is still visible and obscuring the upper C-spine. What needs to be modified?

A
  • mAs, and + exposure time to produce + blurring of mandible
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23
Q

AP T-spine XR shows upper T-spine is overexposed but lower vertebra are well visualized. head of pt was placed at anode end. what can be done on repeat?

A

wedge filter w thicker part over upper T-spine to equalize density

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24
Q

swimmer’s lat shows superimposition of humeral heads over upper T-spine. pt arthritic and can not rotate shoulders farther apart. what can be done on repeat?

A

angle CR 3-5 degrees caudad

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25
Q

after basic C-spine XR’s rule out subluxation after motor vehicle accident (MVA), what should be done to evaluate whiplash injury?

A

hyperextension/hyperflexion lat pos’s

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26
Q

If C-spone XR only shows C1-6, what can be done to see C7-T1?

A

Simmer’s lat

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27
Q

pt eneters ER w possible C-spine fracture, but initial XRs don’t show any gross fracture/subluxation. ER Dr suspects either a congenital defect or fracture of the articular pillars of C4, what best show’s this area of C4?

A

AP axial-vertebral arch (pillar) projection

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28
Q

pt comes to ER w possible Jefferson fracture, other than lat or CT, what best shows the type fracture?

A

AP open mouth - carefully w/o moving C-spine

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29
Q

pt comes in w clinical history of Scheuermann disease. What procedures often performed for this condition?

A

Scoliosis series

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30
Q

which vertebral level does the solid spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/L2

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31
Q

L-spine has a concave _______ spinal curvature

A

anterior

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32
Q

abnormal/exaggerated T-spine w + convexity

A

Kyphosis

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33
Q

which foramina are created by the sup. and inf. vertebral notches?

A

intervertebral foramina

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34
Q

which joints are found in btw the sup. & inf. articular processes?

A

zygapophyseal joints (facets)

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35
Q

what makes up inner aspect of intervertebral disk?`

A

nucleus pulposus

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36
Q

what passes through the cervical transverse foramina?

A

vertebral artery, veins, & certain nerves

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37
Q

Which vertebra have a bifid spinous process?

A

C-spine

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38
Q

intervertebral foramina of C-spine lie at ____ degree angle to MSP

A

45

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39
Q

which ligament holds the dens against the ant. arch of C!?

A

transverse atlantal ligament

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40
Q

large joint space btw C1 & C2 is called

A

R/L atlantoaxial joints

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41
Q

2 partial facets found on the T-vertebrae

A

demifacets

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42
Q

which T-vertebrae do not posses a facet for costotransverse joint?

A

T11-12

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43
Q

2 distinct feat.’s of all C-veterberae?

A

BIFID SPINAL PROCESS TIPS & TRANSVERSE FORAMINA

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44
Q

one distinct feat of all T-vertebrae?

A

rib articulations

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45
Q

which T-spine pos best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?

A

lat XR

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46
Q

which C-spine XR best shows zygapophyseal joints btw C3-C7?

A

R lat

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47
Q

which specific joint spaces are visualized w LAO T-spine?

A

L zygapophyseal

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48
Q

vertebra prominens @…

A

C7-T1

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49
Q

jugular notch @…

A

T2-3

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50
Q

3-4” below jugular notch is @…

A

T7

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51
Q

gonion @…

A

C3

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52
Q

sternal angle @…

A

T4-5

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53
Q

thyroid cartilage @…

A

C4-6

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54
Q

which modality is not performed to rule out HNP

A

nuclear med

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55
Q

avulsion fracture of spinous processes of C6-T1 is

A

clay shoveler’s fracture

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56
Q

Scheuermann disease is a form of

A

scoliosis/kyphosis

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57
Q

HNP usually develops at what vertebral level?

A

L4-L5

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58
Q

what C-spine XR shows the L intervertebral foramen?

A

LAO/RPO

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59
Q

pt w possible Jefferson fracture enters ER. Which XR best demonstrates this fracture?

A

AP open mouth & lat C-spine

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60
Q

pt comes in for f/u for clay shoveler’s fracture. which XR best shows this?

A

lat & AP C-spine

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61
Q

which modality is recommended for a “teardrop burst” fracture

A

CT

62
Q

portion of the lamina located btw the sup. and inf. articular processes

A

pars interarticularis

63
Q

sup. & inf. vertebral notches join together to form

A

intervertebral foramina

64
Q

what angle is better for viewing upper Lumbar zygapophyseal joints

A

50 degrees to MSP

65
Q

what angle is better for viewing lower lumbar zygapophyseal joints

A

30 degrees to MSP

66
Q

small foramina found in the sacrum

A

pelvic sacral foramina

67
Q

the ant. & sup. aspect of the sacrum that forms the post. wall of the pelvic inlet is called the

A

promontory

68
Q

sacral horns aka

A

cornua

69
Q

SI joints lie at an obl angle of ____ degrees to coronal plane

A

30

70
Q

name for the sup. broad aspect of the coccyx

A

base

71
Q

leg of scotty dog

A

inf. articular process

72
Q

neck of scotty dogs

A

pars interarticularis

73
Q

eye of scotty dog

A

pedicle

74
Q

nose of scotty dog

A

transverse process

75
Q

ear of scotty dog

A

sup. articular process

76
Q

LPO of L-spine shows…

A

L zygapophyseal joints

77
Q

RAO of L-spine shows what?

A

L zygapophyseal joints

78
Q

Lat L-spine shows what?

A

intervertebral foramina

79
Q

RPO of L-spine shows what?

A

R zygapophyseal joints

80
Q

LAO of L-spine shows what?

A

R zygapophyseal

81
Q

degree of obliquity required for obl XR at the T12-L1 level is approximately _____ degrees, where as the L5-S1 level spine requires ______degrees. Therefore a _____ degrees obl performed for general L-spine

A

50;
30;
45

82
Q

ASIS @…

A

S1-S2

83
Q

Xiphoid process @…

A

T9-10

84
Q

lower costal margin @…

A

L2-L3

85
Q

iliac crest @…

A

L4-L5

86
Q

symphysis pubis @…

A

tip of coccyx

87
Q

does AP or PA XR of L-spine opens the intervertebral joint spaces better?

A

PA

88
Q

increased SID of 44-46” does what to spine anatomy?

A

reduces distortion

89
Q

lat curvature of vertebral column indicates?

A

scoliosis

90
Q

fracture of the vertebral body caused by hyperflexion force

A

chance fracture

91
Q

congenital defect in which the post. elements of the vertebrae fail to unite

A

spina bifida

92
Q

most common at L4-5 level and may result in sciatica

A

HNP

93
Q

forward displacement of 1 vertebra onto another vertebra

A

spondylolisthesis

94
Q

inflammatory condition most common in males in their 30s

A

ankylosing spondylitis

95
Q

dissolution/separation of the pars interarticularis

A

spondylolysis

96
Q

fracture type that rarely causes neurological deficits

A

compression fracture

97
Q

w a 14 x 17” IR, the CR is centered at the level of the ____________ for AP & lat L-spine XRs

A

iliac crest

98
Q

what 2 structures can be evaluated to determine whether rotation is present on an XR of an AP projection of L-spine

A

SI joints are equidistant from spine;

spinous process should be midline to vertebral column (transverse processes are equal length)

99
Q

how much rotation is needed to properly see the zygapophyseal joints at L5-S1 level?

A

30 degrees

100
Q

which specific set of zygapophyseal joints is demonstrated w an LAO pos of L-spine?

A

R upside

101
Q

the pedicle (or eye of snoopy) should be where on a correctly obliqued L-spine

A

near center of the vertebral body

102
Q

what pos error was committed if pedicles are too far post w a 45 degree obl L-spine?

A

excessive rotation

103
Q

what L-spine XR best demonstrates a possible compression fracture

A

lat

104
Q

pt w a wide pelvis and narrow thorax may require CR angle of _____ degrees ________ for a lat L-spine

A

5-8; caudad

105
Q

how should the spine of a pt w scoliosis be positioned for a lat L-spine?

A

w the sag or convexity of spine closest to IR

106
Q

female ovarian dose used for PA L-spine is approximately ___% less than the dose for AP

A

30

107
Q

where is CR centered for a lat L5-S1 XR of L-spine

A

1.5” below iliac crest & 2” post. to ASIS

108
Q

what CR is needed for an AP axial L5-S1 XR on male pt?

A

30 degrees cephalad

109
Q

which following techniques/devices produces a more uniform density along the vertebral column for an AP/PA scoliosis XR?
Use 14x36” IR, lower kV, higher mAs, compensating filter

A

compensating filter

110
Q

which side of spine should be elevated for the 2nd exposure for yje AP/PA XR (Ferguson method) scoliosis series (by having the pt stand on a block w 1 foot)

A

convex side of spine

111
Q

during the AP (PA) R/L bending XRs of L-spine, the ______ must remain stationary during positioning

A

pelvis

112
Q

how much CR angle is required for an AP XR of sacrum for typical male?

A

15 degrees cephalad

113
Q

if pt cannot lie on back for AP sacrum, what alt XR can be done?

A

PA (prone) w CR 15 degrees caudad

114
Q

where is CR centered for an AP XR of coccyx

A

2” sup. to symphysis pubis

115
Q

pt’s should be asked to empty their bladder before performing which projections of vertebral column?

A

AP of sacrum & coccyx

116
Q

which SI joint is shown w an RPO pos

A

Left

117
Q

how much body rotation is required for obl pos’s of SI joints?

A

25-30 degrees

118
Q

AP L-spine shows that the spinous processes are not midline to the vertebral column & distortion of the vertebral bodies is present. which specific pos error is present?

A

spine rotation

119
Q

an LPO of L-spine shows that the downside pedicles and zygapophyseal joints are projected over the ant. portion of the vertebral bodies. which pos error is present?

A

insufficient spinal rotation (pedicle should be to midvertebral bodies)

120
Q

a lat L-spine on female shows that the mid- to lower intervertebral joint spaces are not open. the tech supported the midsection of the spine w sponges to straighten the spine. what else can be done to open joint spaces?

A

if pt has wide pelvis, can angle CR 5-8 degrees caudad

121
Q

XR of lat L5-S1 shows that the joint spaces are not open. the tech did support the mid-aspect of spine w a sponge. what else can be done to open up joint spaces?

A

put more support beneath spine, or use 5-8 degree caudal angle

122
Q

AP axial coccyx shows that the distal tip is superimposed over the pubic symphysis. what must tech do to eliminate this problem on repeat?

A

increase CR angle to separate coccyx from pubic symphysis

123
Q

XR of an obl pos of L-spine shows that the downside pedicle and zygapophyseal joint are post. in relation to vertebral body. what modification of the pos must be made during repeat?

A

less rotation of body/spine

124
Q

pt comes in for lumbar series. has clinical history of adv spondylolysis. what XRs best show this condition?

A

post. or ant. obl pos’s best demonstrates adv signs of spondylolysis

125
Q

pt comes in for a lumbar series. she has clinical history of severe kyphosis. how should routine be modified for this pt?

A

should be performed erect

126
Q

what 3 things can be done to scoliosis series to minimize dose to pt’s breasts

A

+ kVp technique
PA (rather than AP)
use of breast shields

127
Q

pt w a clinical history of spondylolisthesis at the L5-S1 level comes in, which specific pos would best show extent of this condition?

A

lat L5-S1 pos would show degree of forward displacement of L5 onto S1

128
Q

compared w the spinous processes of C-/T-spine, the L-spinous processes are…

A

larger and more blunt

129
Q

the ant./sup. ridge of the upper sacrum is called

A

the promontory

130
Q

the angle of the midlumbar spine zygapophyseal joints in relation to the MSP is _____degrees

A

30-50

131
Q

where is the pars interarticularis found?

A

btw the sup. and inf. articular processes

132
Q

3 characteristics of vertebra that identify it as a lumbar over thoracic?

A

larger bodies; fairly small transverse processes; bulky/blunt spinous processes

133
Q

the ear and front leg of scotty dog make up the

A

zygapophyseal joint

134
Q

what landmark corresponds to the L2-L3 level?

A

lower costal margin

135
Q

anterior wedging and loss of vertebral body height are characteristic of:

A

compression fracture

136
Q

which condition is often diagnosed by prenatal U/S?

A

spina bifida

137
Q

where is CR centered for AP L-spine w 11x14” IR

A

level of L3 (palpate lower costal margin)

138
Q

CR angle/centering for AP sacrum

A

CR 15 degrees cephalic to 2” sup. to pubic symphysis

139
Q

CR angle/centering for AP coccyx

A

CR 10 degrees cephalad to 2” sup to pubic symphysis

140
Q

CR angle/centering for lat sacrum/coccyx

A

CR perpendicular to 3-4” post. to ASIS

141
Q

CR/angle/centering for lat coccyx

A

CR perpendicular to 3-4” post. and 2” distal to ASIS

142
Q

pedicle shown posteriorly on vertebral bodies indicates

A

over-rotation

143
Q

pedicle shown anteriorly on vertebral bodies indicates

A

under-rotation

144
Q

how much spinal rotation is needed to show the zygapophyseal joints btw L1-L2?

A

50 degrees from table top

145
Q

what CR angle should be used for lat L5-S1 XR if waist is not supported

A

5-8 degrees caudad

146
Q

where is CR angled/centered for AP L5-S1?

A

CR 30 degrees (male), 35 degrees (female) cephalic to level of ASIS

147
Q

which projection/method is designed to show the degree of scoliosis deformity btw the primary and compensatory curves as part of a scoliosis series

A

PA(AP) projection: scoliosis series - Ferguson method

148
Q

1/2 the mAs is the same as decreasing kVp by

A

10

149
Q

lat L-spine should include what?

A

T12 and sacrum

150
Q

If C7-T1 cannot be shown on Swimmer’s, pt should be sent where?

A

to CT

151
Q

In AP open mouth, CR should be parallel to…?

A

MML

152
Q

Which is more practical for trauma? Fuchs or Judd?

A

Fuchs (bc AP)

RTE 1513 (15 decks)

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