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year 3 exam 1 > skin physiology and wound healing > Flashcards

skin physiology and wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

8 functions of skin

A

protection mechanical support retaining moisture sensory temperature regulation immunity vitamin d production excretion of waste

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2
Q

what are the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis dermis hypodermis

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3
Q

what are the 5 layers that make up the epidermis

A

stratum - basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

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4
Q

what is the epidermis

A

outer layer of skin no blood supply replaced every 2-3 days

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5
Q

what are the major cell types present in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes merkel cellsmelanocytes langerhans cells T cells

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6
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

stem cells that start in granulosum and move up, flattening and losing nuclei - can secrete IL1 b

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7
Q

what are merkel cells

A

pressure receptors attached to nerves in stratum basale

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8
Q

what are melanocytes

A

cells producing melanin found in the spinosum

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9
Q

how is melanin produced

A

tyrosine –> tyrosinase –> dopaquinone with cysteine –> pheomelanin (red)no cysteine –> leucodopachrome –> eumelanin (black/brown)

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10
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells, distinguish between self and non-self cells

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11
Q

which T cells are found in the epidermis

A

CD8

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12
Q

what is the dermis layer

A

middle layer comprised of fibrous/elastic tissue

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13
Q

two layers of the dermis

A

papillary - 20%, vascular rich, pilireticular - dense, irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

which immune cells are present in the dermis

A

dermal/plasmacytoid dendritic cells melanocytes CD4 T helpers NK Mast macrophages fibroblasts

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15
Q

which structures are present in the dermal layer

A

nervesblood/lymph vessels piloerector muscles hair follicles sweat glandssebaceous glands

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16
Q

what is the hypodermis layer

A

mechanical protector and thermal insulator

17
Q

which appendages can be found in the skin

A

sweat glands oil glands hair/follicles Meissner’s corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle

18
Q

what is the role of sweat glands

A

apocrine - protein rich sweat (bacterial growth) armpits eccrine - watery sweat - hands/face regulates body temperature

19
Q

what is the role of oil glands

A

found in dermis to keep hair and skin moist

20
Q

what is the role of hair and follicles

A

root hair plexus in dermis, detects fine touch

21
Q

what is the role of Meissner’s corpuscle

A

found in epidermal layer, receptor for light touch

22
Q

what is the role of pacinian corpuscle

A

found in dermis, detects vibration in skin

23
Q

what is the mechanism for inflammation in the skin

A

signal mediated response to cellular insult protective response - remove necrotic cells/tissues

24
Q

what are the advantages to the skin microbiome

A

protect - occupy space and nutrients interacts with immune system - cytokine production, priming APCsdecreases inflammation strengthens epidermal barrier

25
Q

what are the disadvantages to the skin microbiome

A

exacerbate lesions promote diseasedelay healing

26
Q

define wound

A

break in the epithelial integrity of the skin, may affect deeper layers

27
Q

what are the stages of wound healing

A
  1. bleeding 2. inflammation 3. proliferation 4. remodelling
28
Q

what happens in stage 1 of wound healing

A

blood clot forms to stop bleeding injured vessels contract coagulation cascade platelets release PGDF, IGF

29
Q

what happens in stage 2 of wound healing

A

early phase late phase stops infection

30
Q

what happens in early stage of phase 2 of wound healing

A

compliment activation + neutrophil infiltration phagocytosis removal of dead cells

31
Q

what happens in late stage of phase 2 of wound healing

A

monocytes –> macrophages fibroblast and endothelial recruitment lymphocytes enter after 72hr

32
Q

what happens in phase 3 of wound healing

A

fibroblast migration - construct new extracellular matrix angiogenesis and collagen synthesis granulation tissue formation

33
Q

what happens in phase 4 of wound healing

A

matrix matures and remodels Collagen becomes more organised and shrink to bring wound margins closer together Fibroblasts and macrophages apoptose Capillary outgrowth halted and blood flow reduced Acellular, avascular scar results

34
Q

what is a chronic would

A

When normal process of healing is disrupted at one of the stages, usually inflammatory or proliferative

35
Q

clinical features of chronic wounds

A

necrotic tissue exudate/sloughlack of blood supply pain wound breakdown (sub)clinical infection

36
Q

what causes chronic wounds

A

neuropathy ischaemia pressuresystemic diseases malignancy

37
Q

local factors that affect wound healing

A

pressure mechanical injury necrosis ischaemia

38
Q

systemic factors affecting wound healing

A

age obesity disease immunosuppression malnutrition stressradiation

year 3 exam 1 (44 decks)

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