nutrition and micronutrients

Question 1

what should a healthy diet do

Answer 1

provide sufficient energy/nutrients to maintain normal functions and permit growthprotect from disease prevents deficiency symptoms optimises bodily stores

Question 2

what do nutrient requirements depend on

Answer 2

• age : younger = higher - gender : M>F- physiological state : pregnancy - genotype : metabolism - environmental factors : smokers need more vit C

Question 3

what does RNI mean

Answer 3

reference nutrient intake - amount of nutrient required to ensure that the needs of 97.5% of the population are met

Question 4

what does EAR mean

Answer 4

estimated average requirement - estimate of the average requirement for an energy or nutrient (50% require less, 50% more)

Question 5

what is LRNI

Answer 5

lower reference nutrient intake - amount of a nutrient that is enough for only the small number of people who have low requirements

Question 6

what does SI mean

Answer 6

safe intake - where there is insufficient evidence to set another DRV - level or range of intake where no risk of deficiency and below the level where there is a risk of undesirable effects (vitamin E, etc)

Question 7

what are the guidelines on alcohol

Answer 7

14 units/week over 3 days max.

Question 8

what are the nutritional requirements for infants

Answer 8

• breastfeed up to 6 months (no downside to formula) - wean at 6 months

Question 9

examples of formula milk for each age group to 3 yrs

Answer 9

• Birth to 1yr: C&G first infant, SMA infant * 6 months to 1yr (higher iron) : SMA pro, C&G follow on * 1 to 3yrs : SMA pro toddler, C&G toddler

Question 10

weaning suggestions for children

Answer 10

Avoid wheat/fish/juice/soya/eggs under 6mAvoid salt/sugar/honey under 1ywhole milk only until 2

Question 11

nutritional requirements for pre-school children

Answer 11

• dependent on size- varied diet of nutritionally dense foods

Question 12

common problems with nutrition in pre-school children

Answer 12

faddy eating diarrhoea constipation anaemia dental carries

Question 13

nutritional requirements for school age children

Answer 13

healthy eating guidelines protein, calcium, iron, vit A and D

Question 14

nutritional requirements for adolescents

Answer 14

peak bone mass - calcium and vit Dhigher requirements in M>FF have higher iron requirements after menstruation to menopause

Question 15

nutritional requirements for adults

Answer 15

do not change much from 19-64 y

Question 16

M calorie req. per day

Answer 16

2772

Question 17

F calorie req. per day

Answer 17

2175

Question 18

adult protein req. per day

Answer 18

0.75g/kg

Question 19

adult fibre req. day

Answer 19

30g

Question 20

additional nutritional requirements in pregnancy

Answer 20

+ 200kcal in final trimester +6g/protein day in pregnancy, +11g in breastfeeding 400mg folic acid in 1st trimester Iron supplements needed - particularly in last trimester

Question 21

things to avoid in pregnancy

Answer 21

sharks/swordfish/tuna Avoid vitamin A supplements and liver and liver products No alcohol, limit caffeine and stay active

Question 22

nutritional requirements in older adults

Answer 22

decreased malnutrition is a common problem

Question 23

what are vitamins

Answer 23

organic compounds required in small amounts for normal functioning of the body that cannot be synthesised

Question 24

what are the 6 water soluble vitamins

Answer 24

B12, Folic acid, C, B1, B2, B3, B6

Question 25

what are the 3 fat soluble vitamins

Answer 25

A, D, K

Question 26

what are minerals and trace elements

Answer 26

inorganic compounds required by the body

Question 27

functions of minerals and trace elements

Answer 27

bones/teeth - Ca/Mg/P nerves - Cairon - o2 carrying osmotic balance - Na, Cl enzymes - MN, Cu, Fe

Question 28

what micronutrient is used for energy metabolism and co-factors

Answer 28

b vitamins

Question 29

which micronutrients are antioxidants

Answer 29

A, C, E, Zn, Se

Question 30

which micronutrients are for bone health

Answer 30

D, K, Ca, P, Mg

Question 31

function of iron

Answer 31

Haemoglobin, myoglobin, CYP450, catalase, peroxidases, cell growth and differentiation

Question 32

absorption of iron

Answer 32

haem carrier protein 1 transports haem iron divalent metal transporter 1 transports non haem iron

Question 33

how absorption of iron is increased and decreased

Answer 33

increased by vit c decreased by calcium, tannins and soy

Question 34

haem sources of iron

Answer 34

red meat, fish and poultry

Question 35

non-haem sources of iron

Answer 35

lentils, fortified foods

Question 36

what is the RNI for iron

Answer 36

M: 8.7mg F: 14.8mg

Question 37

risk factors for iron deficiency

Answer 37

women kidney failure GI diseasevit a deficiency

Question 38

symptoms of iron deficiency

Answer 38

□ Pallor, tired/weak, poor work performance □ Slow cognitive and social development in childhood

Question 39

what can cause iron overload

Answer 39

chronic iron toxicity - thalassaemia’s

Question 40

what is thalassaemia

Answer 40

□ Genetic disorders of globin chain synthesis where blood transfusions required often □ Genetic iron storage disease

Question 41

how do you treat iron overload

Answer 41

Iron chelators - desferrioxamine

Question 42

side effects of iron supplements

Answer 42

GI - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation