fluids Flashcards
daily fluid requirements
25-30ml/kg/day
what increases fluid requirements
vomiting/diarrhoea high output stoma fistulas burns
what decreases fluid requirements
renal/hepatic impairment cardiac failure head injury
signs of fluid depletion
weight loss low bp rapid/shallow breaths weak pulse reduced urine output dry, less elastic skin thirst
signs of fluid overload
weight gain high/normal bp rapid breaths rapid pulseincreased urine output oedematous skin
what two mechanisms maintain fluid volume homeostasis
anti-diuretic hormonerenin angiotensin system
how does anti-diuretic hormone maintain fluid homeostasis
synthesised in hypothalamus stored and released from posterior pituitary gland on reduced renal water excretion causes thirst
how does the renin angiotensin system maintain fluid homeostasis
activated by dehydration/falling renal perfusion increases aldosterone release causes sodium and water retention
indications for fluid replacement
maintain homeostasis/correct lossesNBMoral intake failure excessive losses special cases - burns/brain injury/children
3 methods of fluid administration
peripheral central subcutaneous
when would you administer fluids peripherally
short - mid term needs replacing every 24 hours
when would you administer fluids centrally
over 10 days use poor peripheral access
when would you administer fluids subcutaneously
prolonged administration off label! not for rapid transfusion
how should fluids be prescribed
reviewed daily - only prescribed 24 hrs at a time
what are the 3 types of fluids
colloid crystalloid blood
