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CCDB > SKIN histology > Flashcards

SKIN histology Flashcards

1
Q

epiderm?

A

ECTODERM

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2
Q

dermis

A

MESODERM

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3
Q

basal layer of skin - deepeest

A

melanocytes, merkel, keritocinocytes

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4
Q

stratum spinosum

A

keritocytes, langerhaus macrophages

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5
Q

granulosum

A

kertinocytes

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6
Q

corneum

A

cornified - “terminally differentiated” - DEAD?

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7
Q

basale

A

deepest layer - attachment to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

attached to one another desmosomes

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8
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

attach to basement membrane

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9
Q

basale - intense mitotic activity

A

move to spinosum

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10
Q

Maphighina layer?

A

spinosa and basale layers

both layers can mitose

invaginated during embyonic development - form glands - acinus

hair follicles, nails, appendages

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11
Q

invaginate?

A

what does this mean?

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12
Q

basale, large nucleus, keratin 5, 14

A

housekeeping cells - RER - crated keratin 5 and 14

melanosomes - membrane bound - trasnsported from melanocytes

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13
Q

basale, large nucleus, keratin 5, 14 - cytokeratines produced by basal cells - if mutations - epidermolysis bullosa cimplex complex

vs. keratin 1 and 10 - mutations - epidermolytic hyperkeratosis EHK

keratin 2e, 9

mutations? ichthyosis bullosa of seimens -
Or EPPk re Kerative 9

A

housekeeping cells - RER - crated keratin 5 and 14

melanosomes - membrane bound - trasnsported from melanocytes

melanocytes have dendrites

melanin

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14
Q

apoptosis occurs ?

A

when pass thru strat granulosa -

but things are still in the cell, foming epidermial barriers

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15
Q

15 - 30 days - stem cells can increase number by ?

A

hyperplasiogenic agents, or conditions like wounding, carcinogens, etc

change rate of proliferation

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16
Q

autoimmune disorders?

A

psyoiasis, carcinoma - degrees of distrubance - effects rate of proliferation

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17
Q

psoriasis - immune inflammatory

A

persistent hyperplasia of epidermis -

increase invagiations, papilla, take 3 - 5 days, instead of 28 - 30,

abnormal angiogenesis in dermis - blood vessels dilated, convoluted

causes inflammation - in epidermis and dermis - Th17 cells

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18
Q

Th17 - secrete IL 17 A - mast also secrete

Plaque
micro-absess

A

induce proliferation of different kerotinocytes -

creates abnormal epidermal plaque

thickening of stratum corneum

micro-absess

migration of neutrophils

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19
Q

spinosum - several shapes of cells

A

migration from basale - see cuboidal, plygonal, slightly flattened

name for spine like appearance re abundant desmosomes - so many connections

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20
Q

keratin process?

Keratin 1 - 10 in spinosum

A

someimtes basophilic, depends on what type of keratin -

lysosomal system abundant here in this layer of epidemis

phagocytic capacity high - may expalin why no scavagner cell system

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21
Q

keratinocttes after injury?

A

can engulf debris - like fibrin

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22
Q

spinosum, also see other organelles?

A

lamellar granules - (type 2 alveoli see also) here, have neutral sugars, lipids,

these are synthesized in spinous cells

store lipids

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23
Q

once in granular layer - released, form cell envelope

3 types of granules in granular leve

A

highly basophilic, can see granules - beyond lamellar granules - also see KERATOhyalinand TRICHOhyalin granules - not surrounded by membrane contain histidine proteins and cytine containing proteins

THIS why called stratum GRANULOSU, - because so many types of granules -

3 types

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24
Q

lamellar granules, increase in granulosum

site of action?

A

interface between granular and cornified cells

lipids remodelled

form LIPID ENVELOPE

exocytosis - form sheets -

also see cytopalamic organzesse with active synthetic metabolism

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25
Q

lamellar granules, increase in granulosum

site of action?

A

interface between granular and cornified cells

lipids remodelled

form LIPID ENVELOPE

exocytosis - form sheets -

also see cytopalamic organelles with active synthetic metabolism

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26
Q

stratum granulosum

involucrin
loricrin - 80%

cell envelope-

A

lipid envelope -

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27
Q

filagrin binding

A

keratin -

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28
Q

permeability barrier

A

1 multi lamellar lipids

linked to proteins - involuctrin, loricrin, etc

2 cornified envelope

3 keratin filaggrin complex

4 tight junctions w CLAUDIN 1, 4

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29
Q

transition from granular to cornified - programmed destruction of cell going on

live to dead cell -

A

but proteins - keratins, lipids, cell envelopes - are present -

viable to non-viable cell transition

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30
Q

during process?

A

loss of nucleus, cell organells,

DNase, RNase, hydrolases and proteeases activiate apoptosis

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31
Q

corneum?

A

flattened, 15 - 20 layers flattened non-nucleated keratinized cells = cytoplams filled with keratin

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32
Q

on see stratified squamous keratinized

A

on corneum layer

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33
Q

no nucles but?

A

demosomes and attached keratin are seen - system of baraces which trasnmit force

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34
Q

THICK skin 5th layer -

A

statum lucidum -
refractile eosinophilic cells on deep surface -

wavy clear stripe, above stratum granulosum

no nucleus, keratinization apoptosis advanced, no organelles

clear cells

is SECOND layer under corneum

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35
Q

dermo epidermal junction?

Basement Membrane Zone

A

Basement Membrane zone BMZ - separates epidermis from dermis

numerous genetic diseases at this levelo

immunie complexes are commeonly deposited, collage 4, 7, fibronectin, fibronin

see anchoring filaments, lamina lucida, lamina dense

dermal fibroblasts

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36
Q

intermediate filaments

A

hemidesmosomes -

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37
Q

collagen 4 - basement membrane

A

structural support and flexibility

anchoring fibrils - collagen type 7 = barrier/filter type 4

type 7 is ? adhesion ? to epidermal cells? linking protein

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38
Q

disorders with basement membrane?

A

blister formation -

bullous pemphigoid - antibody against specific antigentBPAG

epidermolysis bullosa - COLLAGE 7 (linking protein)

keratin genee mutation - affecting connection of tonofibrils to hemidesmosomes

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39
Q

nonkeratining cells of epidermis?

A

langerhand 5% - spinosa

melanocytes and merkel - basale

melano5 - 10%, erkel 1%

melanocytes - Neural crest

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40
Q

melanocytes neural crest - and Merkel cells

A

color red, yellow, brown, blue - four skin pigments -

not attached Free Agents - to adjacent keratinocyte by desmosomes

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41
Q

cell processes of melanocytes?

A

facilitate transportation of melanin

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42
Q

color of skin - produced here

A

exogenously - carotenoids (yellow)

endogenously melanin (brown)

oxygenoated hemoglobin - red

reduced hemoglobin - blue -

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43
Q

Melanosomes - store melonin

tyrosina converted to 3, 4 DOPA

A

into dopaquinone into melanin -

melanosoes

brown or black eumelanin- eliptical

red / yellow less regular shape

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44
Q

black skin?

A

larger melanosomes than more lightly pigmented skins

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45
Q

dendrites carry melanin?

A

thru microtubular process! transport melanin into tip of dendrites of melanocytes

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46
Q

f actin involved - whole journey involved

A

rab 27a, f acin, disassociate - exocytosis to keritinocytes

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47
Q

mutations of myosin VA

ALBINISM Myosin Va

Griscelli syndrome - white hair can’t trasnport

A

can’t transport, cant exocytose

ALBINO

sometimes mutation of RAP 27a or melnophilin genes

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48
Q

microphtthamia associated trasnpcription factor MITF - binds to

A

cAMP, CREB, MITF ERK pathway

lack of functional MITF producdes albinism or premature greying -

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49
Q

excessive MITF occurs?

A

melanoma

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50
Q

Melanocytes?

A

dendrite role?

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51
Q

melanocytes- melanosomes transfer pigment - progects skin by absorbing, scattering postential harmful radiation from son UBB< UBA

A

melanosomes - in apical region - blocks UVB, UVA

within keratinocytes - degraded by lysosomal ?

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52
Q

lack of corticol from adrenal ?

A

Addison’s disease

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53
Q

albinism

A

absense of tyrosinase enzyme

skin not protected from solar radiation by melanin - greater incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas

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54
Q

vitiligo?

A

auto immune destruction of melanocytes

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55
Q

moles or NEVI

A

benign accumllations of melanocytes in dermis -

junctional nevus

compound nevus

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56
Q

malignant melanoma -

A

pale affected people more affected

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57
Q

merkel cells

A

tactile Info - found in glabrous skin of digits, lips and outer root of sheath of hair

nucleus lobulated

joined by desmosomes

organells - dense cor granules, nerve endings collecting opposite to golgi complex

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58
Q

merkel cells?

NEURAL crest or ectoderm

A

type 1 mechanoreceptors - pre and post synaptic modification of synaps

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59
Q

Lnagerhans cells

A

in spinous layer - immigrant cell -

they have dendrites like melanocyts

no junctions - free to move

indented nucleu,

no tonofilaments, no desmosomes

rod like racket includsoin BIRBECK”S granules - contain langerin protein and CD1a - to uptake antigens

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60
Q

come from mesenchyme, monoctye lineage

A

APCs and delayed type hypersenstivitiy eg contact allergic dermatitis

important in rejection of grafts

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61
Q

langerin, CD1

A

how they take in the antigens

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62
Q

langerhans leave epidermis, travel to regional lymph nodes

A

and present to T cells,

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63
Q

layers of thin skin from inside

A

basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

thick skin - - lucidum 4th layer

The epidermis consists of several layers beginning with the innermost (deepest) stratum basale (germinatum), followed by the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (when present), and ending with the outermost layer, the stratum corneum.

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64
Q

Epidermolysis Bullosa EB - Blistering diseases occur betwe?

A

epidermis and basement membrane

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65
Q

layer where epidermis cells are made and passed upward?

A

Basale - single layer

note blood vessels just below in papilla of dermis

melanocytes also in the single layer of cells

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66
Q

how the skin keeps out water?

A

corneum -

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67
Q

basale cells

produce new daughter cells that rise up

A

attached to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes

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68
Q

spinosum - as cells move up

A

connected to each other via desmosomes - so many - named spinosum - can see the desmosomes that look spiney -

attached to basale cells via DESMOSOMES

kerotinocytes making keratin

hey are metabolic active, making keratin, have their organells -

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69
Q

stratum granulosum?

A

can see granules of keratin

this is where they lose nucleus

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70
Q

why are dark people dark?

A

inefficient degradation of melanozomes

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71
Q

UV light comes from sun

Uva? does it penetrate dermis?

UVB

A

UVA - not stopped by dermis, gets past epidermis - causes ROS and apopotosis -

not blocked by glass

UVB - doesn’t get below dermis
affected epidermis
causes DNA damage -
CANCER

is blocked by glass

Pigment - is to protect cells from UV damage

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72
Q

basale and melanocytes - how protect skin from sun damage?

A

melanocytes - are stable, not supposed to replicate, but can. Replication leads to malignancy- proliferation and UV damage - makes malignancy risk possible

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73
Q

Purpose of pigment

A

provides shield for nuclei down at basement membrane-

upper cells - no nucleus to hurt

it’s the basal cells that become damaged - and proliferates - that’s the danger

however, removing pigment is a goal of coronocytes because trying to get rid of nucleus??

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74
Q

malphilian Layer?

A

epidermis? The Malpighian layer of the skin is generally defined as both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit, although it is occasionally defined as the stratum basale specifically,or the stratum spinosum specifically. It is named after Marcello Malpighi.

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75
Q

retic dermis - what type of collagen

A

Type 1

collagen = protein fibers

lots of fibroblasts - make elastic and collagen

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76
Q

dermatin sulphate made by?

A

fibroblasts

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77
Q

Langer lines?

A

longitudinal? what are they?

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78
Q

Dermis - scars during pregnancy

A

striae gravidarum - white streaks

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79
Q

elasticity of skin over time?

A

increases 5x from fetal to adult

old age - lose elastic, cross linking of collagen, degeneration - wrinkles

more sunlight accelerates

-

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80
Q

Ehlers danlos - collagen problem

A

defective fibrils - too elastic

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81
Q

marfans - elastin - fibrullin

A

makes elastic fibers -

fibrullin problem

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82
Q

hypodermis - not part of skin

A

fat cells - in abdomen - 3 cm or more can be

absent in eyelid, penis, scrotum,

contains hair follicles, sweat glands

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83
Q

blood supply?

A

in subcutaneous - hyperdremis

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84
Q

sweat glands, hair

A

dermis

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85
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses -

relaxation CONSERVES

Constriction - sends onward into arches - gets rid of heat

A

shunts - GLOMUS body (ascending arteriole)

RELAXATION - bypasses - CONSERVES HEAT

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86
Q

Lymphatics - in papillae

A

drains excess fluids

87
Q

innervatin of skin

lack of hair - more sensory

A

free nerve endings - touch, pain, temp, itche - particularly dense in hairless - aredolae, labia, glans penis, lips

88
Q

3 categ of sensory receptors

A

exteroceptors - external

proprioceptors - in muscles - tendons - about position, movement of body - M SPINDLES, golgi tendons

Interoceptors - internal organ info

89
Q

sensory receptors of skin

A

1 mechanocepts - stetching, vibration - touch

MERKEL disk - basal epidermis - epidermal/dermal junction

Meissner corp - epiderma/dermal junction

in Papillary

Ruffini endings

Pacinian corpucles - flattenened circular cell - ONION cut

2 thermosceptors

3 nociceptors

90
Q

Meissner touch corp

A

ovoid, long axis

91
Q

Pacinian Lammellated corp - ONION structure

VIBRATION

A

circular

senstitive to movement, vibration, stetch, pressure

lamellated - onion structure

92
Q

Thermosreceptors - temp

A

detect warm/cold - KRAUSE end bulb - detect cold - eye, mucosa of tongue, epineurium of nerve, clit/penis

93
Q

nociceptors - pain stimulie

A

free nerve ending - from dermal nerve plexus - cutaneous branches of spinal nerves

skin surface

94
Q

peritricial nerve ending - HAIR

A

very sensitive - pull out hair - just under subaceous glands

95
Q

see chart- 7 kinds

A

seven different sense reepctors -

96
Q

innervations

A

sweat gladnd, smooth mucles, arrector pili - sympathetic

97
Q

HAIR - keratinized - epidermal area - move DOWN into dermis

A

malphigian layer - stratum spinous and basale move DOWN into dermis

98
Q

where hair not found?

A

palms,

99
Q

melanocytes, do they move down, up?

A

colors your hair

100
Q

first hair - lanugo = wool

A

unmedulated, unpigmented, later shed - then get postnatal hair

vELLUS, unmedulated

Terminal medulated

101
Q

cycle of hair growth -

A

anagen phase - growing

TELOGEN - resting phase
hair falls out or is pulled out

shed hair - club hair becasuse of shape of roof

102
Q

new hair grows to replace old

A

some hair - 4 years

103
Q 
bulge stem cell - w root sheath - 3 areas supplied - 
epidermis
basal
subaceous 
hair follices
A

can migrate - into all sorts of places, and stimulate - into basal area, stratum spinosa, subaceous,

104
Q

myosin VA - color - transports melanin into f-actin filaments

A

so if problem here - color is off

105
Q

Nails -

A

keratizined plates - from invaginations of stratus basale and spinosa

106
Q

eponychium -

A

onychodermal hand -

hyponychium

107
Q

glands - subaceous, sweat, mammary (discussed next block)

A

sebaceous - goes with hair follicles -

sweat glands COILED - not associated with hair

108
Q

sebaceous - not found where?

A

no hair - palms, soles, dorsa of feet

109
Q

sebaceous - pilodebaceous unit absent in mucous membranes

A

on cutaneous surface - ?

110
Q

hair free sebaceous glands are found in mucourse areas of

A

oral cavity, labia monor, tyson’s gland, eyelids

111
Q

duct - stratified squamous epithium continuous with?

A

external root sheath of hair

112
Q

located?

A

in dermis, each gland encapsulated by think CT

simple branched alveolo - sunthesize lipid

most glands - several alveoli open in to duct, whithc empiteis into neck of hair follice

113
Q

basal cells of sebaceous - holocrine secretion - mechanism - cell DIES and disintegrates

WHOLE cell has to die to release Sebum

A

to release the lipids

8 days

arrector pili muscle helps out

114
Q

secretion of sebum

A

fatty acids, cholesterol

natural lubricant to hair, prevents brittle hair, oils skin - prevents excessive evaporation from stratum corneum

also protects agasint excess surface water

bacterial

stiumulate by androgens - hormones

testosterone at puberty - their size and action increase -

women - estrogen depress activity (SKIN DRIES OUT - aging factor?)

thought in women - adrenal and ?

115
Q

Holocrine mechanism?

A

whole cell has to die

116
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

androgens - stimulate sebaceous gland - produce sebum, leads to follicular keratinzation and obstrution

propionibacterium acnes

117
Q

propionibacterium - enter clogged pore and multiply

A

redness, inflamationand leading to papillary, pustulary and cystic acne

118
Q

propionibacterium - enter clogged pore and multiply

A

redness, inflamationand leading to papillary, pustulary and cystic acne

blocks ? hair ?

119
Q

agents for acne?

retinoids - vitamin A

A

drugs reduce size of sebaceous glands , recuce sebum produtcion and regulated cell proliferation and differntiation

120
Q

sweat glands -

A

two types

ordinary and odor

121
Q

coiled secretory portion -

A

deep in dermis, and straight excretory ducts/glands

122
Q

ordinary sweat glands - eccrine - everywhere but?

A

skin of nipple, margins of lips

few on sweat glands,

LOTS on palms, soles, fingertips

SMALL size compared to other type

123
Q

ordinary sweta gland - two types

A

clear and dark and

myoepithelia cells

124
Q

secretions from ordinary cells

dark?

A

adjacent to lumen -

clear cells between dark and myoepit cells

dark - secretory granulses

clear cells - NO secretory granules - small amount of RER, numerous glycogen granules

125
Q

clear cells have?

A

caniculi - secrete water and electrolytes and ?? from dark cells?

Secretory portion
These are either cuboidal or pyramidal in shape. The clear cells mainly produce electrolytes and water, whilst dark cells release the macromolecular substances found in sweat.

126
Q

found deep in dermis

A

stratified cuboidal - duct are darker

127
Q

eccrine glands produce?

A

watery solution - It is a excretory organ

128
Q

cystic fibrosis - and your sweat glands

defect in CFTR

reduction of choloride secretion intoh airways of respiratory system also viscous mucus - immoobilizing neurtrophils

A

decrease in reabsorption of sodium and chloride - increase concentration of sweat - sweat salty

129
Q

ordinary sweat - major role in cooling

A

postganglionic cholinergic - Ach - sympathetic

130
Q

where does sweating being??

A

forehead - and down to rest of body

sweating also caused by emotional stimuli - palms, soles (lie detector tests.

131
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

odoriferous sweat glands -

skin of axilla, nipples, scrotum, pubic region , perineal

132
Q

ceruminous glands? glands of moll - external auditory meatus

A

larger than ordinary glands

133
Q

ducts lined with cuboidal to columnar

A

convex apical borders

myeoepithelial cells - but not found in ducts

stress, sexy, etc cause secretions

134
Q

secretions?

A

oilly, yellow, pilid amonia, protien

once reaching surface - odorless

not concerned with thermoregulation

function at puberty, under control of sex hormone - in females, axillary and ?

135
Q

mode of secretion of glands?

A

merocrine - sweat glands - done by all sweat glands

Mode of merocrine

NORMAL exocytosis - no destructin of cell

apocrine secretion (mammary glands) pinching off

little destrcution

HOLOCRINE - whole cells dies

136
Q

apocrine glands secrete via? Merecrine

A

modified apocrine sweat glands

137
Q

At basale layer- what’s there?

A

basale cells (cuboidal) that are NOT keritanocytes

merkel cell (NEURAL crest - ectoderm)

Melanocytes (Neural crest - ectoderm)

138
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

melanin pigment - gives color and protects from sun

139
Q

Where are merkel cells found in abundance?

A

hands, feet, liips?

140
Q

Fingerprints?

A

Where stratum basale meets the pappillae of underlying dermal layer- forms ridges

141
Q

langerhan cells are from what germ layer??

A

ha! mesoderm, Lateral , splanchnic - BLOOD

142
Q

epidermis germ cell layer? dermis cell layer?

A

epidermis - ECTODERM

Dermis - Paraxial MESODERM

143
Q

Precursor of keratinocyte?

attached to dermis via?

A

basal cell

hemidesmosomes at the basement membrane

144
Q

at basale layer - what 3 things found?

A

basal cells (that synth keratinocytes) that fill up all the layers above

melanocytes

merkel cells

145
Q

Spinosum layer?

A

10 layers of keratinocytes, w/ langerhans

these cells begin the process of making keratin - and release GLYCOLIPIDS (waterproofing)

146
Q

Stratum granulosum?

A

3 - 5 layers

cells flatter, thicker

Produce a LOT of keratin and keratohyalin which accumulate as LAMELLAR granules

as cells die - leave this behind to form corneum and hair and nails

147
Q

Strat. Lucidum - transparent - found where? palms, soles, digits -

A

cells dead and flattened - packed with ELEIDEN - clear protein w/ lipids derived from keratohylain - giving it the clear appearcen - barrier to WATER

148
Q

What do Keratohyalin granules do?

A

the main function of keratohyalin granules is to bind intermediate keratin filaments together. At the transition between this layer and the stratum corneum, cells secrete lamellar bodies (containing lipids and proteins) into the extracellular space.

149
Q

Strat. Corneum -

A

15 - 30 layers -

removed every 4 weeks -

cosmetic procdueres microdermabrasion removes layers

150
Q

Pappillary layer and Reticular layer of ?

A

Dermis

Papillary - loose CT - mesisner corpuslces

phagocytes, fibroblasts, fat, vasculature, nerfve, lymph capillaries

151
Q

reticular - dense - irrgeulat

A

thicker, sensory vasculatirzed

elastin collagen, structure

152
Q

Where is fat stored?

A

hypodermis

153
Q

Melanosome?

A

vesicle transporting melanin into keratinocyte

154
Q

Color of skin?

A

Melanocytes at basale layer create melanin- transfer into kertinocytes via melanosome -

155
Q

The more sun, the more?

A

melanin manufactured - eventually lysosome eat or it it is sloughed off, so you Lose your Tan

156
Q

too much melanin?

A

can interfere with production of Vitamin D - balance between vit d production (available sunlight and folate destruction) vs. protection from UV

157
Q

What good thing does melanin do?

A

protects skin from UV radiation and break down of folic acid

158
Q

Freckles? Moles

A

freckles - irregular accumulation of melanocytes

Moles? large masses - may indicate cancer

159
Q

Albinism? Vitiligo?

A

inability to produce melanin

Vitiligo? certain parts of the body lose their ability to produce melanin - maybe auto immune reaction

160
Q

How is melanin made?

A

melanosomes contain TYROsinase - which via DOPA turns into melanin

called a melanin granule when loses its tyrosinase - transferred to keratinocyte

161
Q

Merkel cells - in basale layer -

NERVE Plates

A

they are in contact with sensory nerve fibers that project from dermis into epidermis - terminating in plate like endings -

162
Q

Langerhans cells - what kind of allergic reactions?

Birbeck granules

Birbeck granules, also known as Birbeck bodies, are rod shaped or “tennis-racket” cytoplasmic organelles with a central linear density and a striated appearance. First described in 1961 (where they were simply termed “characteristic granules”), they are solely found in Langerhans cells.

A

Type IV

they phagocytose antigens here - leave epidermi, enter lymph where become DENDRITIC cell - exhibiting MHC I, and II, and B7 molecules - activating T cells

163
Q

Meissner corpuscle vs Merkel cells

A

Merkel’s disks are densely distributed in the fingertips and lips. They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, and they respond to light touch. … Meissner’s corpuscles respond to touch and low-frequency vibration. Ruffini endings detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth.

164
Q

epidermal - dermal junction?

A

attached to basment membrane via hemidesmosomes

165
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands - normal sweat glands

A

clear cells, dark cells

secretory portion - clear cells -

dark cells secrete via merecrine -

xocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and then onto a bodily surface or into the lumen.

166
Q

pores on skin - when open?

A

aldosterone stiumulates opening onto skin

167
Q

what regulates body temperature?

A

sweating - sympathetic releases ACH - NE exception

168
Q

Emotional sweating?

A

sympathetic vis NE

Emotional sweating occurs in response to emotive stimuli such as fear, stress, pain and anxiety. Although it can occur over the whole body surface, it is most evident on the palms, soles, underarms and forehead. In contrast to thermal sweating, emotional sweating occurs independent of ambient temperature.

169
Q

Where is the cell envelope and lipid envelope found?

A

around and in side the keratinocytes - the lipid envelope are formed into sheets forming outer protective coating

also a thick layer of insoluble protein is deposited on inner surface of keratincyte cell’s plasma membrane called the cell envelop

170
Q

What’s the epidermal melanin unit?

A

ratio of melanocyte to keratincyte in basal layer

same in all races -

degradation rate of lysosomes is what determines skin color

171
Q

Pacinian corpucle? ONION like

A

sensory cell in deep thick of dermis / hypodermis

encapsulated tactile mechanoreceptors - embedded in deep dermis and hypodermi

172
Q

Merkel cell base?

A

lost their myelin sheath when penetrating epidermal basement membrane - expand into disc or plate closely associated with base of merkel cell -

tactile mechanoreceptor -

NEURAL crest

173
Q

Meissner corpuscle -

A

detect shape and texture - ellliptical - within cores of dermal papillae - long axis perpendiculat to surface of skin - “twisted skein of wool” do to spiral Schwann cell arrangement

174
Q

Scheleroderma - excessive collagen in what layer of skin?

A

reticular dermis

lack of adequate blood supply also kills off nerve and sweat glands - face becomes masklike -

175
Q

hair follicles? hair is all over the body - except for a few spots

A

Hair follicles are invagiations of epidermis extending from surface to dep reticular dermis and/or hypodermis -

responsible for continuous growth

176
Q

base of hair bulb has a ?

A

dermal papilla - a tuft of vascularized loose CT

the dermal papilla contains a capillary network that nourishes and sustain the living hair follicle - disruption of blood flow results in death of hair follicle

external root sheath is a continuatin of epidermis that covers hair follicle

downgrowth of basal layer is called external root sheath

177
Q

glassy membrane?

A

hair - basement membrane becomes thickened, dense CT form sheath,

178
Q

hair matrix?

A

epithelial cells surrounding the dermal papillae -

matrix cells differentiatiate into hair keratin producing cells

179
Q

What cell produces vit D?

A

keratinocytes when exposed to sunlight

180
Q

vitiligo - auto immunity?

A

melanocytes die off

181
Q

albinism?

A

Normal melanocyte number with LOWER melanin production due to LOWERED tyrosinase activity OR defective tyrosine transport. risk of skin cancer

182
Q

peg and socket?

A

connections between epidermis and dermis in most of skin -

in THICK SKIN _ on fingertips - ridges and grooves -

183
Q

immigrant cells of epidermis?

A

langerhans - mesoderm - lateral plate, splanchnic

merkel - neural crest - ectoderm

melanoctyes - neural crest

184
Q

Keratinizataion?

A

genetically programmed series of events in POSTMITOTIC keratinocytes

  1. synthesis of proteins - eg kertain, keratohyaline) and lamellar granules

alterations affeting cell structure and organelles

185
Q

cell envelope in corneum?

A

lipid layer outside (in sheets), inside the cells - proteins

lipids for lamellar bodies -

186
Q

cell proliferation at basale layer - over production?

A

psoriasis, cancer

wound healing rate changes

187
Q

psoriasis?

A

hyperplasia of epidermis - 3- 5 days instead of 28 - 30

abnormal angiogenesis at dermis capillary area

inflam cell inflictrate - activated Th17, neutrophils migrate here forming microabscesses PLAQUE

188
Q

keratinocytes - can they phagocytose?

A

I don’t know, but they can after wounding enggul cellular debris

189
Q

lamellar bodies? granuloseom layer - what’s happening

Fillafrin - FILLS IN - binds the protective cell envelope

A

filaggin - eventually produced from keratohyolin and trcholyalin (non membrane bound granules)
which BINDS aggregated to protect skin

190
Q

Tyrosine, - melanin

A

an amino acid found in the body, plays its role in the skin by helping to produce melanin. … This hyperpigmentation is stimulated when an enzyme called tyrosinase signals the production of melanin, which happens in the skin’s melanocytes.

191
Q

action level where cell envelope develops?

A

granulosum meets corneum

granules exocytosed

sheets of lipids

192
Q

involucrin, Loricrin 80%?

A

proteins developed inside of cells - cell envelope

193
Q

strat corneum

A

desmosome, atteched kertain filamantes form a bracing system to stabilize tissue

194
Q

dermo epidermal junciton?

A

hemidesmosomes and anchoring filaments of basal membrane zone - BMZ - created by epidermis

from dermis - anchoricng fribrils extend into lamina dense and matric - formed by dermal fibroblasts

195
Q

disorders at basal epidermal junction?

A

blisters -

bullous pemphigold - acts against hemidesmosomes

another blister problem happens between within cytoplasm of basal cells - separating them into two - (keratin gene mutation?)

196
Q

melanocytes at basale layer - are they attached to keratinocytes?

can they still divide at epidermal layer?

A

No -

Yes - can still divide

197
Q

skin color?

A

four pigments - producted in skin - melanin - others colors from blood, reduced blood and cartoenoids

198
Q

melanosome?

roll and size?

size varies - typically black skin are larger

A

stores melanin - and this is where melanin created -

structure of melanosome varies depending upon type of pigment synthesized - brown/black elliptical

red yellow - less regular shpae

199
Q

How melanin created?

A

series using TYROSINASE via DOPA

200
Q

what happens to melanin?

A

transferred via melanosomes to keratinocytes -

melanin protects skin from UVB and UBA

201
Q

how are melanosomes degrades in keratinocytes?

A

lysosomal enzypes

melanosomes in keratinocytes can lie singly or can form groups - supranulear region enclosed by a membrane

202
Q

disorders of melanocytes??

Addisons - adrenal gland

A

Addisons - lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex - OVER production of hormone, increasing pigmentation

adrenal gland not working

203
Q

albinisim

A

can’t synthesize melanin- absense of tyrosinase activity or disfunction

204
Q

vitilago

A

autoimmunite - destroys melanocytes

205
Q

Moles, malignant melanoma

A

melanocyte problems - moles/nevi often begign

206
Q

nevis - at which skin level?

A

can be epidermis, dermis or combines (compound nevus)

207
Q

are merkel cells found in hari?

mechanoreceptor type 1

A

Yes -

found in digits, lips and outer root sheath of hair

join keratinocytes with desmosomes

208
Q

langerhands cell - what kind of hypersensitivyt?

S100

birbeck granules -
involved in uptake and delivery of antigens - tennis rackets

A

type IV - contact dermatitis

rejection of grafts -

protect against environmental antigen

209
Q

sweat glands - temp reg - where too warm of blood is detected?

A

hypothalamus - sends message to sympathetic - cause sweat via AcH - forehead starts

vs emotional sweating - palms soles of feets - adrenergic NE - flight fight

210
Q

how does sweat get out?

A

myoepithelia cells help - contracting “muscle” cells - MYO -

211
Q

Aldosterone and salt preservation?

A

as sodium chorloride leaves via sweat in duct - aldosterone grabs the sodium choloride to preserve in hot climates

“increases reaborption”

212
Q

are apocrine or eccrine sweat glands larger?

MERECRINE secretions

A

apocrine - only in armpits, nippis, scrotum, etc

TEN TIMES larger than eccrine

flight/fight, sec etc - myoepitheial cells innervated by nervous system - help squeeze it out

213
Q

where does odor come from

A

odorless at surface - full of bacteria - starts to rot - decomposition

214
Q

Hair

shaft vs. bulb

A

Hair is made of a tough protein called keratin. A hair follicle anchors each hair into the skin. The hair bulb forms the base of the hair follicle. In the hair bulb, living cells divide and grow to build the hair shaft

CCDB (13 decks)

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