histology - new for studying block 3

Question 1

vaso vasorum

Answer 1

vessels of the vessels -

The vasa vasorum is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (e.g., the aorta) and large veins (e.g., the venae cavae). The name derives from Latin, meaning ‘the vessels of the vessels’.

Question 2

What can smooth muscles make?

Answer 2

Smooth muscle cells have a large role in modifying their microenvironment in disease by producing ECM protein (e.g., collagen, fibrin, fibronectin and proteoglycans [6]) and factors which regulate ECM formation (e.g., tissue factor in fibrin formation [

Question 3

von Willdebrand - where made? clotting protein

Answer 3

Where is von Willebrand factor?
Von Willebrand factor is made within endothelial cells, which line the inside surface of blood vessels, and bone marrow cells.

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a genetic disorder caused by missing or defective von Willebrand factor (VWF), a clotting protein. VWF binds factor VIII, a key clotting protein, and platelets in blood vessel walls, which help form a platelet plug during the clotting process.

Question 4

Weibel-Palade bodies - storage, von Wildebrand factor, P selectin, interleuken 0

Answer 4

contain von Willdebrand -

Weibel-Palade bodies are small storage granules located in endothelial cells comprising the intima of the heart and blood vessels. … It functions to bind coagulation factor VIII in the presence of vessel injury. vWF then cross-links basement membrane collagen of the vessel to gp1b seen on platelets.

bodies (WPBs) are secretory organelles used for post-synthesis storage in endothelial cells that can, very rapidly, be triggered to release their contents. They carry a variety of bioactive molecules that are needed to mount a rapid response to the complex environment of cells that line blood vessels.

Question 5

What cells secrete interleukin 1?

Answer 5

The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a highly proinflammatory cytokine produced by multiple cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells and B cells.

Question 6

Interleukin 2

Answer 6

What does IL 2 Do to T cells?
IL-2 plays a dual role in T cell activation by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of ‘conventional’ T cells as well as maintaining and expanding the population of ‘suppressive’ Treg cells

Question 7

elastic arteries - tunica media - what happens with age?

Answer 7

40 layers of concentric smooth muscle fibers - THICK

elastic laminae secreted by smooth muscle - number and thickness INCREASE with AGE and HYPERtension

Question 8

What are aortic and carotid bodies?

Answer 8

Carotid and aortic bodies are clusters of cells located on the common carotid artery and the aortic arch, respectively. Each of these peripheral chemoreceptors is composed of type I glomus cells and glia-like type II cells. … The aortic body, by contrast, is connected to the medulla via the vagus nerve.

Question 9

The internal elastic lamina

Answer 9

a layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels. It separates tunica intima from tunica media.

The internal elastic lamina is a fenestrated sheet that forms the boundary between the intimal and medial layers, influencing both its mechanical and mass transport properties. The size and number of these fenestrae vary in the arterial system and change with maturation [

Question 10

What is the difference between elastic and muscular arteries?

Answer 10

Elastic arteries include the largest arteries in the body, those closest to the heart. They give rise to medium-sized vessels known as muscular, or distributing, arteries. Elastic arteries differ from muscular arteries both in size and in the relative amount of elastic tissue contained within the tunica media.May 25, 2020

Question 11

vasodilaters vs. constrictors?

Answer 11

dilaters? prosteoglandins, histamines, NO, etc

constrictors? angiotensin II, etc,

Question 12

intima, media, adventitia?

Answer 12

intima - internal elastic

media - type 3 collagen, external elastic

adventitia, type 1 collagen,

Question 13

arteriovenus shunts AVA - temp reg?

Answer 13

dilation CONSERVES body heat,

constriction - gets rid of hit (directs blood to capillary bed)

What is the major function of arteriovenous anastomoses?
Arteriovenous Anastomoses
AVAs are low-resistance connections between the small arteries and small veins that supply and drain the skin. These allow the shunt of blood directly into the venous plexus of the skin, without it passing through capillaries.

Question 14

Continuous.

Answer 14

As their name suggests, continuous capillaries have a continuous endothelial lining. They have tight junctions between their endothelial cells along with intercellular clefts through which small molecules, like ions, can pass.

These capillaries have no perforations and allow only small molecules to pass through. They are present in muscle, skin, fat, and nerve tissue.

Question 15

Are capillaries one cell thick?

Answer 15

Capillaries. … The walls of capillaries are just one cell thick. Capillaries therefore allow molecules to diffuse across the capillary walls. This exchange of molecules is not possible across the walls of other types of blood vessel because the walls are too thick.

Question 16

histiocyte - macrophages in tissue

Answer 16

a stationary phagocytic cell present in connective tissue.

Question 17

Somatic capillary (continuous) vs visceral (fenestrated)

Answer 17

Non-fenestrated (continuous or somatic) capillaries. The endothelium does not have fenestrae or open channels. This most common type is found in connective, muscle, nervous, and endocrine tissues. … This type of capillary is found in the kidney, intestine, and endocrine organs.

Question 18

size of capillaries? just 2 layers - RBC need to flow thru single file

Answer 18

Capillaries are very thin, approximately 5 micrometers in diameter, and are composed of only two layers of cells; an inner layer of endothelial cells and an outer layer of epithelial cells. They are so small that red blood cells need to flow through them single file.

Question 19

where see fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 19

These are found in some tissues where there is extensive molecular exchange with the blood such as the small intestine, endocrine glands and the kidney. The ‘fenestrations’ are pores that will allow larger molecules though. These capillaries are more permeable than continuous capillaries.

Question 20

sinusoidal caps?

Answer 20

liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 21

eosinophils?

Answer 21

parasitic infection, allergy, cancer

Question 22

basal lamina is made of?

Answer 22

lamina lucide, densa

Question 23

The apical surface of a hepatocyte

basal surfaces that face the endothelial lining.

Answer 23

occurs along a band around the cell’s middle, half-way between the opposing basal surfaces. It is across this surface that bile is secreted. The edges of this apical surface are attached by junctional complexes to those of adjacent hepatocytes, thereby forming the bile canaliculi.

Question 24

marfan’s syndrome, problem what layer?

Answer 24

tunica media

Question 25

Which cell type is capable of further mitosis after leaving the hemopoietic organ in which it is formed?

Answer 25

leukocyte

White blood cells (leukocytes), unlike red cells, are nucleated and independently motile. Highly differentiated for their specialized functions, they do not undergo cell division (mitosis) in the bloodstream, but some retain the capability of mitosis.

Question 26

DiGeorge syndrome problems?

Answer 26

Conditions related to autoimmunity

Question 27

Which cytoplasmic components are the main constituents of the dark precipitate that forms in reticulocytes upon staining with the dye cresyl blue?

Answer 27

polyribosomes

Question 28

Which cell type has cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin and histamine?

Answer 28

basophils, mast cells

Question 29

In which of the following cells involved in erythropoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis begin?

Answer 29

Basophilic erythroblast

Question 30

Which process occurs during granulopoiesis but not during erythropoiesis?

Answer 30

Nucleus becomes increasingly lobulated

Question 31

What is the earliest stage at which specific granulocyte types can be distinguished from one another?

Answer 31

Myelocyte

A myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic series, occurring normally in bone marrow (can be found in circulating blood when caused by certain diseases).

Question 32

20 A 62-year-old man of African descent presents with exercise-induced angina. His serum cholesterol is 277 mg/dL (normal < 200), LDL is 157 (normal < 100), HDL is 43 (normal > 35), and triglycerides 170 (normal < 150). His body mass index (BMI) is 34 and his coronary risk ratio is 6.84 (normal < 5). Cardiac catheterization reveals an occlusion of the left anterior descending and the origin of the right coronary artery. This disease process initially involved which one of the following?

Answer 32

Injury to endothelial cells

Question 33

21 Which function is carried out by all lymphoid tissues and organs?

Answer 33

Production of lymphocytes

Question 34

22 A smear of blood from a 70-year-old leukemia patient reveals a larger than normal population of cells that have large, round nuclei with one or two nucleoli. The cytoplasm of these cells shows azurophilic granules. Which of the following forms of leukemia would you suspect?

Answer 34

Promyelocytic leukemia

Question 35

What fate often awaits granulocytes that have entered the marginating compartment?

Answer 35

Crossing the wall of a venule to enter connective tissue

Question 36

27 During light microscopic examination of a tissue, you note a vessel that has no smooth muscle but a large amount of connective tissue at its periphery. Which of the following vessels are you examining?

Answer 36

Venule

smooth muscle is absent in venules <30 μm of skeletal muscle and sparse in larger venules and venules in skeletal muscle lack sympathetic nerve innervation.

Question 37

30 A 66-year-old man diagnosed with type II diabetes 10 years earlier presents with an aching pain in the muscles of his lower extremities. He says the pain is relieved by rest and worsened by physical activity. His lower limbs appear cold, pale, discolored, and he has a sore on the skin of his left heel. He has a weak tibial pulse on both sides and poor skin filling from dermal capillaries. The problems with blood distribution in this patient’s leg are most likely associated with what vascular structures?

Answer 37

Arterioles

Question 38

Pericytes?

Answer 38

associated with basal lamina of capillary endothelial cells

are multi-functional mural cells of the microcirculation that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body. … Pericytes help to maintain homeostatic and hemostatic functions in the brain and also sustain the blood–brain barrier.

Question 39

34

A 54-year-old man presents with recurrent breathlessness and chronic fatigue. After routine tests followed by a bone marrow biopsy he is diagnosed with lymphocytic leukemia. Chemotherapy is administered to remove the cancerous cells, which also destroys the precursor cells of erythrocytes. To reestablish the erythrocytic lineage, which of the following cells should be transplanted?

Answer 39

Basophilic erythroblasts

Hemocytoblast, which is a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
Common myeloid progenitor, a multipotent stem cell.
Unipotent stem cell.
Pronormoblast.
Basophilic normoblast also called an erythroblast.
Polychromatophilic normoblast.
Orthochromatic normoblast.
Reticulocyte.

Question 40

Which biochemical component of the erythrocyte cell surface is primarily responsible for determining blood type (eg, the A-B-O system).

Answer 40

carbohydrate

Question 41

Which description is true of all secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs?

Answer 41

contain lymphoid nodules

Question 42

Which of the following is true for ventricles?

Answer 42

Walls contain Purkinje fibers of the right and left branches from the atrioventricular bundle

Question 43

Which feature typifies specific granules?

Answer 43

Contain phagocytins or major basic protein

Question 44

Which cell type are null cells examples of?

Answer 44

NK cells, non t non b

A null cell is a large agranular lymphocyte that develops inside the bone marrow. Null cells lack the common characteristic surface markers that can be found in mature B-cells and T-cells.

Question 45

What is the earliest stage at which specific granulocyte types can be distinguished from one another?

Answer 45

Myelocyte

Question 46

At what stage do azurophilic granules first accumulate?

Answer 46

Promyelocyte

Question 47

Appearance in the peripheral blood of large numbers of which cell type is termed a “shift to the left” and may signal a bacterial infection?

Answer 47

Band form

A “left shift” is a phrase used to note that there are a high number of young, immature white blood cells present. Most commonly, this means that there is an infection or inflammation present and the bone marrow is producing more WBCs and releasing them into the blood before they are fully mature.

Question 48

Which description is true of thymic epithelial reticular cells?

Answer 48

Components of the blood–thymus barrier

endodermal cells of the third pharyngeal pouch.

Question 49

Large numbers of which cell type in biopsy from a transplanted heart is a sign of graft rejection?

Answer 49

Lymphocytes

Question 50

How do electrical impulses pass from Purkinje fibers to ventricular cardiac muscle fibers?

Answer 50

gap junctions

Question 51

Which description is true of megakaryocytes?

Answer 51

Network of intracellular membranes

Question 52

Which B lymphocyte–derived cells contain abundant RER and are located in the spleen’s red pulp cords?

Answer 52

plasma cells

Question 53

When the oxygen tension in the blood of sickle cell anemia patients decreases, as it does at high altitudes, which of the following changes occurs?

Answer 53

Hematocrit values decrease owing to hemolysis

Question 54

Does altitude affect anemia?

Answer 54

Indeed, anemia does affect exercise performance at altitude, but there is no evidence that it increases susceptibility to altitude illnesses. … Red blood cell production increases around the third week at altitude and improves oxygen carrying capability of the blood. This response maybe impaired if iron stores are low.

Question 55

Through which structures blood cells cross capillary walls?

Answer 55

Intercellular clefts

Question 56

What is the first stage in the lineage in which cells are incapable of further mitosis?

Answer 56

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Question 57

Which process best accounts for the pale staining of the germinal centers of lymphoid nodules?

Answer 57

Blast transformation

Question 58

Which site is a “thymus-dependent” region of a peripheral lymphoid organ?

Answer 58

Periarterial lymphatic sheaths of the spleen

Question 59

Which structure would be most heavily labeled by an immunohistochemical method targeting the CD8 surface antigen?

Answer 59

Paracortical zone

Question 60

Which description is true of continuous capillaries?

Answer 60

Common in brain and muscle

Question 61

Which description is true of lymphatic vessels?

Answer 61

Tunica media has longitudinal smooth muscle

Question 62

do lymph vessels have valves?

Answer 62

Valves are found in larger lymph vessels and collecting vessels and are absent in the lymphatic capillaries. The valves is to prevent backflow of fluid, so that lymph eventually flows forward instead of falling backwards.

Question 63

Which description is true of the thymic cortex?

Answer 63

Site of the blood–thymus barrier

Hassall’s corpuscles (or thymic corpuscles (bodies)) are structures found in the medulla of the human thymus, formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically.

The thymic cortex is heavily filled with developing T-lymphocytes. … These are dividing lymphoblasts in the process of producing clones of smaller mature T-cells. The epithelial cells in the cortex express class I and class II MHC and serve to positively select immature T-cells.

Question 64

Which description is true of erythrocytes?

Answer 64

Removed from the circulation by macrophages after 120 days

Question 65

Which hemoglobin predominates in human erythrocytes at birth?

Answer 65

HbF

Question 66

Which protein is more likely to inhibit the rapid growth of a malignant tumor?

Answer 66

Angiostatin

Question 67

Which structure contains more vasa vasorum in its tunica media?

Answer 67

vena cava

Question 68

Which feature is true of the dark-staining central region of human platelets?

Answer 68

Contains the platelet granules

Question 69

Sensory nerve fibers enter arteries through the adventitia and extend further. As far as which layer do they penetrate?

Answer 69

Tunica intima

Question 70

Which cell type gives rise to both memory and effector cells and is primarily associated with humoral immunity?

Answer 70

B lymphocyte

Question 71

hich description is true of blood capillaries?

Answer 71

Carry lymphocytes

Question 72

Which of the following entities frequently presents with macrocytic anemia?

Answer 72

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature, so do not become healthy blood cells. Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. Later, symptoms may include feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bleeding, or frequent infections.

Question 73

high triponin levels?

Answer 73

heart death -necrosis

enzyme found specifically within cardiac myocytes. Release into the blood is associated with disruption of such cell membranes, a finding associated with cell death (i.e., necrosis)

Question 74

A 69-year-old obese woman with hypertension and hyperlipidemia suffered a large transmural acute anterior wall myocardial infarct that resulted several days later in papillary muscle rupture and an incompetent mitral valve.

Which major coronary artery was occluded?

Answer 74

Left anterior descending coronary artery

Question 75

The histological features most strongly related to prognosis in melanoma include:

Tumor thickness, mitotic rate, presence/absence of ulceration

Answer 75

The strongest prognostic indicator is tumor thickness (depth of invasion as measured from the top of the granular layer). Both mitotic rate and presence/absence of ulceration are prognostic factors, however, currently only presence/absence of ulceration is included in the most recent (2018) American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor staging parameters.

Question 76

n general, which of the below type of skin cancer has the worst prognosis (potential for mortality)?

Answer 76

Merkel cell carcinoma

Question 77

Which of the following descriptive terms would always raise clinical concern in a biopsy report?

Answer 77

Dysplasia is an abnormal change in the pattern of growth of cells in tissue. It is often considered as a precursor to neoplasia. All the other descriptors may be normative elements to physiological stress or may be indicators of pathogenesis

Question 78

A cook suffers a minor burn from hot oil and notes the immediate production of pain at the site. The most likely mediator (responsible for the pain) is which of the following?

bradyKININ

Answer 78

Kinins (and in particular bradykinin) are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation most directly associated with nociception (pain). Other mediators (prostaglandins) may also have a direct role.

Question 79

Which mechanism is involved in most suicidal hangings?

Asphyxia, the deprivation of oxygen to the body can result from the following mechanisms:

Choose?

A
Compromise of breathing

B
Compromise of circulation

Answer 79

The constricting ligature around the neck obstructs the carotid arteries depriving the brain from oxygen.

Question 80

A pathologist examines a specimen of cardiac tissues and describes it as demonstrating necrosis. This is most clearly demonstrated by

Answer 80

lack of nucleus

Question 81

Hairy cell leukemia? splenomegaly

Answer 81

hairy cell leukemia is often characterized by splenomegaly at diagnosis. Hairy cell leukemia expands the splenic red pulp and may also be seen in association with splenic “blood lakes.” Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is another lymphoma associated with splenomegaly.

Question 82

Some renal diseases are associated with the deposition of antibody antigen complexes within the renal glomerulus. Individuals with this condition often have low levels of complement in their circulation. The most reasonable explanation for this finding is which of the following?

Such individuals activate complement via the classical pathway.

Answer 82

The classical pathway of C′ activation is most often triggered by immune complexes. (A) likely does occur, but the initial activation is via (B). In fact individuals as in (D) often have immune complexes in their kidney (and low C′), but such is uncommon. (E) could occur with extreme glomerular injury, but such is not described in the question (and is far from the most likely choice).

Question 83

Functionally, the most important macromolecules in the lung are:

Answer 83

Mucin, elastin, and surfactant

Mucin is critical to the muco-ciliary movement of dust and debris out of the lung.

Elastin is critical to the lung’s elasticity, which reduces the work of breathing.

Surfactant allows alveolar inflation by reducing the surface tension of water in the alveoli.

Question 84

A 69-year-old obese woman with hypertension and hyperlipidemia suffered a large transmural acute anterior wall myocardial infarct that resulted several days later in papillary muscle rupture and an incompetent mitral valve.

What is the event that most likely caused the myocardial infarction?

A
Foam cell apoptosis

B
Plaque rupture

C
Arteriosclerosis

D
Deep venous thromboembolus

Answer 84

Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to describe a hardened artery with a thickened wall lacking elastic properties. It is caused by calcification (Monckeberg medial calcification), hypertension (arteriolosclerosis) or atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction is due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and the development of atherosclerotic plaque that thickens the arterial wall and causes stenosis of the arterial lumen. Foam cell formation and apoptosis is part of early plaque development, however infarction is most often the result of advanced (vulnerable) plaque erosion or rupture leading to the formation of a mural thrombus that occludes the remaining residual arterial lumen, blocking blood flow to the downstream myocardial tissue. Deep venous thromboembolus was not directly discussed in this chapter. In this process, blood stasis, endothelial activation, and blood hypercoagulability lead to mural thrombus formation in a vein (often a deep vein of the extremities). A piece of the mural thrombus can break free and embolize to the right heart, pulmonary trunk, or pulmonary arteries, blocking blood flow to the lungs and potentially causing sudden death.