lower limb lessons from class Flashcards

Question

anterior compartment pathologies? foot drop

Answer 1

if m paralyzed, toe lifting is impossible foot drop can't dorsiflex foot if deep peroneal n damaged, if sciatic n damages - foot drop steppage gait - need to raise foot very high - put toes down first

Answer 2

repetitive exertion - deep fasica doesn't allow m to expand - m gets compressed - burning - subsides w/in 15 min or rest - skiers, long distance runnerse, etc

Answer 3

tibial and fib stress fracture shin splints popliteal artery aneurysm findings weak toe extension pain on toe flexion diminished sensation in first web

Answer 4

tibial and fib stress fracture shin splints popliteal artery aneurysm findings weak toe extension pain on toe flexion diminished sensation in first web deep fib nerve supplies web space and anterior compartment

Answer 5

in foot near big toe - can take a pulse here n? deep cutaneous branch of peroneal N

Answer 6

foot drop - steppage gait loss of eversion of foot and dorsiflexion of the ankle causes foot-drop

Answer 7

evert goot, innervated by superficial fib n, fib artery fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

Answer 8

almost ALL - except sural lateral, web -deep, medial - saphenous

Answer 9

inflammation of bone - bone can get remodeled, fractures, athletes - can be in front or behind caused from excessive pulling of muscles where attached to bone.

Answer 10

plantar flexion of ankle - tibial n, TIP TOES - two arteries posterior tibial artery and fibular artery can invert foot posterior tibial arter y - divides fro other artery at bottom of popliteal

Answer 11

so let's keep an eye on that one The soleus connects the bottom of the knee to the heel. A strain, which is strained stretch or tear to to a muscle or tendon, to the soleus is caused by strenuous exercise and improper body alignment. Pain is felt on the side of the calf after activity.

Answer 12

two joint muscle - helps walking - in posterior - pulls heel up must be near achilles tendon? superficial - soleus below

Answer 13

VERY long tendon - back of knee - all way down to calcaneal tendon -

Answer 14

unlocks knee joint, runs behind knee from lateral to media

Answer 15

down medially leg, wraps under foot - and then to toes

Answer 16

deepest muscle - down leg

Answer 17

only bone that has no attachment to m

Answer 18

running on hills, repetitive stress - avasular tendon

Answer 19

Great Toe - with saphenous n

Answer 20

site for palplation of posterio tibial artery

Answer 21

medial malleolus - both on tibia?

Answer 22

7 tiger cubs need MILC

Answer 23

Whenever the distal part is more lateral, it is called valgus. Whenever the distal part is more medial, it is called varus. forefoot varus more common - varus - medial border is raised - excessive pronation

Answer 24

insufficient amniotic fluid - envionmental causes plastarflexion equinus and INVERTED (varus) hindfood, forfoot is inverted -

Answer 25

sends tendons out to all metatarslas?

Answer 26

medial (inner) _ high point is calcaneous HIGHEST calcaneus, talus, navicular, etc Ligaments: Spring ligament (plantar calcaneo navicular lig) and plantar fascia Tendons tibilis posterior, tibialis anterior, fibularis longus LATERAL (outer) - high point is cuboid Lig: long plantar, plantar fascia, plantar calcaneocurboid Tendons - extensors of 5 digit absorbs shocks, distributes weight place for neurovascular things to be

Answer 27

supports talus -

Answer 28

running across transversely - | Tendonius longus

Answer 29

high arch (inversion - burns, residual clubfoot, compartment syndrome) , flat food

Answer 30

high arch (inversion - burns, residual clubfoot, compartment syndrome) excessive supination flat food

Answer 31

high arch (inversion - burns, residual clubfoot, compartment syndrome) excessive supination flat food

Answer 32

vs in hand (wrist) deep fascia - protect flexor - from heel to medial malleolus fibular - superior and inferior (from heel to fib) superior extensor inferior extensor - two bands like a y running medially

Answer 33

vs in hand (wrist) deep fascia - protect - contain fluid - synovial sheaths flexor - from heel to medial malleolus fibular - superior and inferior (from heel to fib) superior extensor inferior extensor - two bands like a y running medially

Answer 34

plantar aponeurosis - from calcaneum - widens w/ 5 slips = to each digit superficial to nerves, blood vessels and M supports arches

Answer 35

ulnar - HY

Answer 36

median - ulnar correspond

Answer 37

The muscles supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis brevis) are most commonly weakened in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Answer 38

is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. It functions to flex and adduct the thumb, and injury would lead to a decreased ability to grip.

Answer 39

Dorsal interossei muscles are innervated by a branch of the ulnar nerve and function to abduct the digits. The opponens digiti minimi muscle is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and brings the fifth digit in opposition with the thumb. The patient in this vignette has normal muscle strength, making both dorsal interossei and opponens digiti minimi muscles less likely to be injured. The third and fourth lumbricals are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and function to flex the fourth and fifth metacarpophalangeal joints while extending the interphalangeal joints of the fourth and fifth digits in the same motion.

Answer 40

OSD is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the gradual onset of knee pain after repetitive activities, typically sports that involve running or jumping. The condition occurs most commonly in growing children: boys between the ages of 12-15 and girls between the ages of 8-12. Overall, the condition presents more frequently in boys.

Answer 41

Baker cysts typically form due to degenerative disease such as osteoarthritis or joint injury, and are much more commonly seen in older adult patients with years of chronic disease to their joints.

Answer 42

NOT THE DEEP OR SUPERFICIAL _ The common fibular (peroneal) nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in the lower limb. Patients experience foot drop, which results from a loss of dorsiflexion at the ankle, as well as loss of eversion. Thus, they may present with an inability to dorsiflex or evert. Patients also have symptoms of pain and paresthesia in the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot. Those with foot drop may also exhibit a steppage gait, as described in the vignette.

Answer 43

pain on soul of foot- standing a long time - no insole on shoes

Answer 44

dorsalis pedis artery - continuation of anterior tibila artery

Answer 45

dorsalis pedis artery - continuation of anterior tibila artery palpate where tarsal bones are

Answer 46

drains into both saphenous veins each artery has two veins - helps in counter current exchange mechanism as veins come in- they cool the blood - the artery gives its warmth which takes blood into center of body

Answer 47

looks like mostly tibial except when saphenous - which comes from femoral

Answer 48

but in the foot, there are also four layers of Foot Only muscles

Answer 49

reversed - 1 adductor - 2 flexors - 2nd and fourth layer simliarly opposite - 2nd - two tendons, 2 muscles - flexor digitorum longus - attached to lumbricals 4th layer - "preaxial" border - means toward big toe - vs. post axial border -

Answer 50

The lumbricals are four, small, worm-like muscles on each hand. These muscles are unusual in that they do not attach to bone. Instead, they attach proximally to the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and distally to the extensor expansions.

Answer 51

The great toe - Where does it start from?

Answer 52

A Pott's fracture is a fracture affecting one or both of the malleoli.

Answer 53

``` Iliohypo iliioinguinal Genital femoral Lateral femoral obturator femoral ```

Answer 54

1 superior 2. inferior 3 sciatic NOT S4 (ends lower 1/3 of thigh and divides) - (common peroneal - deep - superficial) - tibial - sural / medial/lateral plantar 4 Posterior femoral cutaneous S1 - S3 5 Pudendal S2 -4

Answer 55

adductor pollicis muscle has an oblique and transverse head, both of which are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, allowing the muscle to participate in thumb adduction and thumb MCP flexion. An injury to the ulnar nerve would result in a deficit of both of these actions. The abductor pollicis brevis muscle is a thenar (thumb) muscle innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve and functions in abduction and opposition of the thumb. The first and second lumbricals and opponens pollicis are also innervated by the median nerve. Although the median nerve is commonly damaged when the wrists are slashed in a suicide attempt, it runs deep in the carpal tunnel and is protected from superficial injury, as seen in this patient. Injury to the median nerve would also present with sensory loss over the first 3½ digits, making these answer choices less likely. The extensor pollicis brevis, located on the dorsal part of the forearm, is innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (a continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve). This patient has superficial lacerations on the medial ventral side—not the radial side—of her left wrist and sensory loss over the fifth digit, making extensor pollicis brevis injury less likely.

Answer 56

which occurs in individuals whose work involves repetitive hand motions. The muscles supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, and abductor pollicis brevis) are most commonly weakened in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Answer 57

femoral n - also supplies iliacus Femoral b supplies a LOT of anterior lower limb

Answer 58

deep to fascia iliaca artery and vein - superficial

Answer 59

deep to fascia iliaca artery and vein - superficial The fascia iliaca is located anterior to the iliacus muscle (on its surface) within the pelvis. It is bound superolaterally by the iliac crest and merges medially with the fascia overlying the psoas muscle.

Answer 60

The femoral sheath (crural sheath) is formed by a prolongation downward, behind the inguinal ligament, of the abdominal fascia, the transverse fascia being continued down in front of the femoral vessels and the iliac fascia behind them. The femoral sheath is contained within the femoral triangle. The fascia iliaca is located anterior to the iliacus muscle (on its surface) within the pelvis. It is bound superolaterally by the iliac crest and merges medially with the fascia overlying the psoas muscle.

Answer 61

may not be able to walk - trendelberg problem

Answer 62

need to NOT penetrate into dural sheath

Answer 63

Hemiplegic Gait foot drop - knee extension - seen with upper neuron lesion have to swing leg - because e DIPLEGIC - hips and knees are flexed - narrow base, both lakes drag - toes scrape - (scissors gait) - lesion in brain involve both sides

Answer 64

EQUINE GAIT - foot drop - can have one nerve injured for example- L5 nueropathic gait - if bilateral - Charcot marie Tooth disease and other peripheral neruopathies shoes worn out anteriorly and ?

Answer 65

turns trunk to one side and leift foot - muscular disease - weakness on side where pelvis is higher -

Answer 66

basal ganglia - hypokinesia - rigidity - person doesn't move - small/shuffling steps marche a a petit pas - difficulty to start walking may have acceleration - short steps - fesinations - hard to turn around is difficult also

Answer 67

basal ganglia disorder - increased movement - huntington's disease - jerky movements increased jerkiness when walking

Answer 68

alcohol drinkers - broad based gait - lurch to either side, midline cerebellar disease - may not be able to balance if close eyes -

Answer 69

wide based - may fall if close eyes - give the the ROMBERG test Sensory ataxia a

Answer 70

lateral - media, medial - ulnar nerve flex metacarpals

Answer 71

hand flexed - fingers extended

Answer 72

all hand claws because interossi for all fingers controlled by ulnar-

Answer 73

none on the 3rd finger - ADDUCTS PAD, ADduct

Answer 74

dorsal interossei

Answer 75

birthing, grabbing on to a branch axillary, suprascp, and musculo nerves affected - they run in C5 - C6 can't abduct arm,

Answer 76

NOTHING - wrist drop, can't extend elbow, etc However, if damage distal to axilla (midshaft) - still have wrist drop - but can extend elbow

Answer 77

can be hereditary, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 78

musician's n Fracture of hook of hamate, wrist damage, medial epycondyle "card" test - can't hold paper between fingers

Answer 79

hyper pollicus

Answer 80

valgum deformity GUM

Answer 81

n elbow dislocation occurs when the bones of the forearm (the radius and ulna) move out of place compared with the bone of the upper arm (the humerus). The elbow joint, formed where these 3 bones meet, becomes dislocated, or out of joint.

Answer 82

The two general types of elbow dislocation are: Simple elbow dislocation: The radius and ulna articulate with the humerus at the elbow. ... Complex elbow dislocation: This injury is a simple dislocation combined with a fracture of the humerus, radius, ulna or a combination of all three bones.

Answer 83

distal fracture goes dorsally

Answer 84

distral fractures goes ventrally

Answer 85

abduction and adduction thumb moving away from axis - adduction abduction - toward axis which muscle causes this? adductor policies ulnar nerve

Answer 86

in a growth plate - in children TYPE 2 most common - TYPE 5 - direct impact, most serious - can't grow more.

Answer 87

deep fib - extensors can't dorsiflex knee flexors to solve problem, raise knee higher hamstrings flex knee up higher Tibialis anterior isn't working

Answer 88

adductor pollicus - which nerve? ulnar

Answer 89

lat, bunch of mucles

Answer 90

abducts fingers

Answer 91

add, abd, flex, exten, opposition, reopoosion

Answer 92

distal problem if can't extend elbow- problem in axilla

Answer 93

flexor carpi ulnar and radialis and what else can they do? ABDUCT wrist

Answer 94

pronates, supinates -

Answer 95

supinator and biceps brachii

Answer 96

anterior 3 posterior from radial musculo - 2 divisions - upper and middle-

Answer 97

ilapsoas - L1 - L2, lumbar spinal nerve, and femoral

Answer 98

quadriceps, gluteus max, tensor fascia

Answer 99

flexes knee -

Answer 100

dorsal rami

Answer 101

ventral rami

Answer 102

BBC Bones, Blood, CT limb muscles from somites

Answer 103

end of long bone - lower end of femur - 9th month - viable - if don't see this 2day ossif - maybe not 9 months old

Answer 104

hypoaxial division

Answer 105

proximal first

Answer 106

zone of polarizing activity - anterio, postrio pole -

Answer 107

zone of polarizing activity - anterio, postrio pole - caudal first - POST axial border - little finger, SSH!

Answer 108

forelimb is not 4

Answer 109

forelimb is not 4

Answer 110

radius, thumb leg: big toe, tibia

Answer 111

first - SSH develops if excess SSH - absense of radius -