histo re block 3 Flashcards
resp system, where cilia but no goblet?
respiratory
Which gland contains both mucous and serous adenomeres? submandible or parotid?
submandibular
Which structure is partly encapsulated and covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? 1 of three types of tonsils?
Palatine tonsil
nail matrix?
Where your fingernails and toenails start to grow. The matrix creates new skin cells, which pushes out the old, dead skin cells to make your nails. As a result, injuries to the nail bed or disorders that affect the matrix can affect your nail growth.
he pulmonary (functional) and bronchial (nutrient) arterial systems enter the lungs separately through the hilus but anastomose into a single system at which level?
respiratory bronchiole
anaphylaxis shock? C3a C5a, IgE
Anaphylaxis is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction mediated by binding of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a to immunoglobulin E (IgE) on mast cells.
M cells?
are epithelial - work with Peyer’s Patches
M cells is that they transport antigens from the lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response or tolerance.
Peyer’s Patches: These are lymphoid follicles similar in many ways to lymph nodes, located in the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the small intestine, especially the ileum. In adults, B lymphocytes predominate in Peyer’s patches. Smaller lymphoid nodules can be found throughout the intestinal tract.
B cell activation? CLONAL expansion after approval by T cells (co stim - c28/B7 - c3a? - IL 4, 5?
Create plasma cells (creating antibodies)
Create memory cells
B-cells are activated by the binding of antigen to receptors on its cell surface which causes the cell to divide and proliferate. Some stimulated B-cells become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. Others become long-lived MEMORY B-cells which can be stimulated at a later time to differentiate into plasma cells.
What is the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?
The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses
T cells?
Their roles include directly killing infected host cells,
activating other immune cells,
producing cytokines and
regulating the immune response.
Homing mechanism of leukocytes?
C3b
chemotaxis (chemoattraction) C3b is potent in opsonization: tagging pathogens, immune complexes (antigen-antibody), and apoptotic cells for phagocytosis
What are chemokines?
a large family of cytokines
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
What calls forth the integrins to bind?
C5a
Where is P selectin normally found
Weibel Palade bodies in endothelial cells
IL1 - TNF?
Cytokines IL-1 and TNF Induce PRODUCTION of E-selectin, ICAM-1, &; VCAM-1 in Endothelial Cells
Margination is caused by what two forces?
C5a
mechanical and chemo
c5a, leukotriene B4, bacterial products
do eosinophils cause asthma?
Eosinophilic asthma is a form of asthma associated with high levels of a white blood cell called eosinophils. In the United States (U.S.), an estimated 25.7 million people have some form of asthma, and 15 percent of these people have severe asthma that is difficult to control with standard medications.
Leukocyte adhesion Deficiency? LAD?
asso w/ recurrent bacterial infections
LAD type 1 - defective synthesis of integrins on leukocytes (CD11/CD18)
LAD type 2 - Lack of sialyl lewis on leukocytes (fecosyl transfease reqd for synthesis of sialylated oligosacchardide ))
Chemotaxis - factors needed for neutrophils?
N-formyl-methionine
Leukotriene LTB4
c5a complementary system
chemokines -IL 8
macrophages secrete what once out of blood stream to keep neutrifills homing?
TNFL and IL -1 Beta to keep neutriphils homing.
What is leukocyte activation?
is mediated through several signaling pathways that interact to produce changes in the affinity of binding protein on the surface of neutrophils, to mobilize the cytoskeleton for chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and ultimately to trigger a respiratory burst and degranulation
Neutrophils - ROS?
rapidly release a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the phagosome to kill ingested bacteria
need oxygen and NADPH
4 steps of phagocytosis?
- recognition and attachment
- engulfment
- Killing and degradation
- degranulation of phagolysososme
What are the 3 pathways of complement activation?
There are three pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway, which is triggered directly by pathogen or indirectly by antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also provides an amplification loop for the other two pathways.
