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Skin & MSK > Skin: Histology > Flashcards

Skin: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

2 junctions that connect keratinocytes

A

Desmosomes and adherens junctions

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2
Q

Cells of the stratum germinativum are connected to the basement membrane by these

A

Hemidesmosomes

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3
Q

Cells of this are connected to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

A

Stratum germinativum

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4
Q

Is the epidermis vascularized?

A

No

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5
Q

Is the epidermis keratinized?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is the main cell morphology of the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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8
Q

Component of the corneocyte layer that is found only in thicker skin
Are densely packed with keratin filaments

A

Stratum lucidum

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9
Q

Component of the corneocyte layer where nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles become disrupted and disappear as the cell gradually fills with keratin

A

Stratum lucidum

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10
Q

Layer of the epidermis that is made up of anucleate, dead cells that are cornified or filled with keratin in place of the cytoplasm

A

Stratum corneum

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11
Q

The most superficial cells of this epidermis layer undergo desquamation (shedding)

A

Stratum corneum

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12
Q

Layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes take on more keratin and contain basophilic, keratohyalin granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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13
Q

Two proteins contained in keratohyalin granules in the granular epidermis layer

A

Profilaggrin and involucrin

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14
Q

Filaggrin plays a role in this function of the skin

A

Barrier function

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15
Q

Genetic deficiency of this is characterized by lack of water retention in the skin, dryness, eczema, and reduction of protection to external substances

A

Filaggrin

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16
Q

Granules in the epidermis granular layer that contain polysacchardies, glycoproteins, and lipids that extrude into the intercellular space help hold together the stratum corneum cells

A

Lamellar granules

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17
Q

Lamellar granules are found in this epidermis layer

A

Stratum granulosum

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18
Q

Epidermis layer that receives maturing cells that proliferate from the stratum basale

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

Epidermis layer made up of large polyhedral keratinocytes

A

Stratum spinosum

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20
Q

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum synthesize cytoplasmic intermediate filaments called

A

Cytokeratins

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments synthesized by keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum that form tonofilaments

A

Cytokeratins

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22
Q

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum synthesize cytoplasmic intermediate filaments called cytokeratins that form these

A

Tonofilaments

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23
Q

These condensate and form desmosomes, which form strong contacts between adjacent keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

A

Tonofilaments

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24
Q

In the stratum spinosum, tonofilaments condensate and form these

A

Desmosomes

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25
Q

Other name for macula adherens

A

Desmosome

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26
Q

Other name for desmosome

A

Macula adherens

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27
Q

2 members of the cadherin family that provide the linkage between the plasma membrane and adjacent cells in a desmosome

A

Desmogleins and Desmocollins

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28
Q

Deepest layer in the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

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29
Q

Morphology of the stratum basale

A

Single layer of cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells

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30
Q

Layer of the epidermis that consists of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells

A

Stratum basale

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31
Q

Keratinocytes in this layer proliferate so mitotic figures would be expected

A

Stratum basale

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32
Q

Keratinocytes are anchored to the dermis via these in the stratum basale

A

Hemidesmosomes

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33
Q

These belong to the integrin class of matrix receptors and occur in epithelia that require strong, stable adhesion to the connective tissue

A

Hemidesmosomes

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34
Q

Two types of cells that are dispersed among the keratinocytes of the stratum basale

A

Melanocytes and Merkel cells

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35
Q

Melanocytes and Merkel cells are dispersed among the keratinocytes of this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

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36
Q

Skin layer that supports the epidermis and consists of fibrous materials, and neurovascular structures

A

Dermis

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37
Q

Skin layer that consists of adipose tissue and neurovascular structures

A

Subcutis (aka Hypodermis or Panniculus)

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38
Q

Cells that separate and protect organisms from the external environment and make up approximately 85% of the epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes

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39
Q

Cytokeratins are synthesized in this epidermis layer

A

Stratum spinosum

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40
Q

During keratinization, cytokeratins form tonofilaments and bundle to becomes these that fill the cytoplasm

A

Tonofibrils

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41
Q

Distinctive feature in the stratum granulosum and contain cysteine as well as involucrin

A

Keratohyalin granules

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42
Q

Keratohyalin granules are the distinctive feature of this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum granulosum

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43
Q

Keratohyalin granules in the stratum granulosum contains this which binds filaments together

A

Cysteine

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44
Q

Cysteine is contained in these and binds filaments together

A

Keratohyalin granules in the stratum granulosum

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45
Q

Keratin synthesis begins in the keratinocytes in this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

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46
Q

During keratinization, keratinocyte in the stratum spinosum superficially start to synthesize these

A

Keratohyalin granules

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47
Q

Molecule contained in keratohyalin granules that is associated with formation of the cell membrane and protein-lipid envelope

A

Involucrin

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48
Q

2 proteins in keratohylain granules that are affiliated with intermediate filaments and the formation of tonofibrils, which initiates the conversion of granules cells into cornified cells

A

Trichohyalin and Filaggrin

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49
Q

Trichohyalin and filaggrin are intermediate filament associated proteins that are contained in these

A

Keratohyalin granules

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50
Q

Changes from stratum granulosum to stratum corneum occur with these 3 things

A

Decrease in pH
Breakdown of nucleus and other organelles
Thickening of plasma membrane

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51
Q

Desquamation at the cornified surface is regulated by proteolytic degradation of these

A

Desmosomes

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52
Q

Membrane coating granules produced by the stratum spinosum

A

Lamellar bodies

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53
Q

Granules produced by the stratum spinosum that contain pro-barrier lipids and processing enzymes that are secreted by exocytosis into the intracellular spaces and form the epidermal water barrier

A

Lamellar bodies

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54
Q

The epidermal water barrier is made up of this, which maintains body homeostasis

A

Cell and lipid envelope

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55
Q

Type of melanin that is a brownish black pigment

A

Eumelanin

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56
Q

Type of melanin that is a reddish yellow pigment

A

Pheomelanin

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57
Q

Color of eumelanin

A

Brownish black

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58
Q

Color of pheomelanin

A

Reddish yellow

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59
Q

Melanin is produced by oxidation of tyrosine by this

A

Tyrosinase

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60
Q

Melanin is produced by oxidation of this by tyrosinase

A

Tyrosine

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61
Q

This is produced by oxidation of tyrosine by tyrosinase

A

Melanin

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62
Q

This is transferred to neighboring keratinocytes by pigment donation, which involves the phagocytosis of the tips of the melanocyte processes by keratinocytes

A

Melanin

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63
Q

APCs that originate from bone marrow, migrate to the skin via blood, and make up only 2-8% of the cells in the epidermis

A

Langerhans’ cells

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64
Q

Langerhans cells are located mostly in this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum

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65
Q

Molecules that structurally expressed on Langerhans cell surface and used as a clinical marker

A

CD1a

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66
Q

CD1a molecules are a clinical marker for this

A

Langerhans cells

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67
Q

Cells with an indented nucleus and possess tennis racquet-shaped Birbeck granules

A

Langerhans cells

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68
Q

Morphology of the nucleus of Langerhans cells

A

Indented nucleus

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69
Q

In Langerhans cells, these represent relatively small vesicles, which appear as rods with a bulbous expansion at their end

A

Birbeck granules

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70
Q

Birbeck granules are found in this type of cell

A

Langerhans cells

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71
Q

APCs in the epidermis that have lobulated nuclei and almost clear cytoplasm

A

Langerhans cells

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72
Q

Mechanoreceptors that are also called epithelial tactile cells and are located in the stratum basale

A

Merkel’s cells

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73
Q

Merkels cell are located in this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

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74
Q

Cells that are characterized by dense neurosecretory granules containing peptides

A

Merkel’s cells

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75
Q

Cells that are closely related to terminal, unmyelinated bulb of afferent sensory fibers that are penetrating the basal lamina

A

Merkel’s cells

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76
Q

Rete ridges are another name for this

A

Epidermal downgrowths

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77
Q

Two types of cell adhesion junctions that contribute to the anchoring of the epidermis basal lamina to the dermal layer

A

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

78
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

79
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Loose areolar connective tissue

A

Papillary layer

80
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Finger-like dermal papillae projecting into the stratum basale

A

Papillary layer

81
Q

The dermis papillary layer has finger-like dermal papillae projecting into this layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale

82
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Adipocytes, fibroblasts, phagocytes

A

Papillary layers

83
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Contains less dense collagen fibers (type I and III)

A

Papillary layer

84
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis contains these fibers

A

Less dense collagen fibers (type I and III)

85
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Lymphatics, nerve fibers, and touch receptors called Meissner corpuscles

A

Papillary layer

86
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Thicker layer

A

Reticular layer

87
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Dense irregular connective tissue (elastin)

A

Reticular layer

88
Q

Layer of the dermis:
Rich sensory and sympathetic nerve supply

A

Reticular layer

89
Q

The reticular layer of the dermis contains these fibers

A

Elastin
Collagen fibers (mostly type I) extend into the papillary layer and the hypodermis

90
Q

Collagen fibers (mostly type I) of the reticular layer of the dermis extend into these

A

Papillary layer and hypodermis

91
Q

Creams that help restore skin turgor by stimulating blood flow and repair of the dermis

A

Retin-A cream

92
Q

Langer lines are based on these

A

The orientation of collagen and elastic fivers in the reticular layer of the dermis

93
Q

These are based on the orientation of collagen and elastic fiber orientation in the reticular layer of the dermis

A

Langer lines

94
Q

Langer lines are based on the orientation of collagen and elastic fiber orientation in this skin layer

A

Reticular layer of the dermis

95
Q

Form regular lines of tension in the skin and skin incisions that are made parallel to these lines heal with the least amount of scarring

A

Langer lines

96
Q

Skin layer that is richly vascularized, which aids to the contribution of nutrients to the skin, as well as plays a role in thermoregulation

A

Dermis

97
Q

A subpapillary plexus sits just inferior to this skin layer, and branches extend into the dermal papillae

A

Epidermis

98
Q

This sits just inferior to the epidermis, and branches extend into the dermal papillae

A

Subpapillary plexus

99
Q

This structure with larger blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is located where the dermis ends and the subcutis begins

A

Deep plexus

100
Q

Where is the subpapillary plexus located in the skin?

A

Just inferior to the epidermis
branches extend into the dermal papillae

101
Q

Where is the deep plexus with larger blood vessels and lymphatic vessels located in the skin?

A

Where the dermis ends and the subcutis begins

102
Q

Skin layer that serves as an energy storage site

A

Subcutaneous layer (subcutis layer, hypodermis)

103
Q

Skin layer deep to the dermis

A

Subcutaneous layer (subcutis layer, hypodermis)

104
Q

Skin layer that contains adipose tissue that varies throughout region in the body, as well as fibrous bands (septa) that act as supportive structures

A

Subcutaneous layer (subcutis layer, hypodermis)

105
Q

The subcutaneous layer contains this tissue that varies throughout region in the body, as well as fibrous bands (septa) that act as supportive structures

A

Adipose tissue

106
Q

The vascular supply in this skin layer allows for efficient drug uptake when drugs are injected

A

Subcutaneous layer

107
Q

Thin layer of striated muscle that lies deep to the subcutaneous fascia in many animals
In humans, it remains well defined in the skin of the neck, face and scalp

A

Panniculus carnosus

108
Q

Where is the panniculus carnosus located in the skin layers?

A

Deep to the subcutaneous fascia

109
Q

Afferent or efferent:
Sensory nerves

A

Afferent

110
Q

Afferent or efferent:
Motor nerves

A

Efferent

111
Q

Free nerve endings are the most abundant receptors in the epidermis and terminate largely in this layer

A

Stratum granulosum

112
Q

These are the most abundant receptors in the epidermis and terminate largely in the stratum granulosum
Can be myelinated or unmyelinated
Detects pain, itch, and changes in temperature

A

Free nerve endings

113
Q

Elliptical structures that are located mostly in the dermal papillae in hairless regions of skin like that of palms, fingertips, and soles

A

Meissner corpuscle

114
Q

Meissner corpuscles have this shape

A

Elliptical

115
Q

Meissner corpuscles are located in this location of skin layers

A

Dermal papillae

116
Q

Meissner corpuscles are found in these regions of the body

A

Hairless regions of skin like that of palms, fingertips, and soles

117
Q

Meissner corpuscle have sensitivity to this

A

Light touch

118
Q

Structures where axons course through lamellae made up of flattened Schwann cells

A

Meissner corpuscle

119
Q

Structures in the dermal papillae that are sensitive to light touch

A

Meissner corpuscles

120
Q

In Meissner corpuscles, axons course through lamellae made up of these

A

Flattened Schwann cells

121
Q

Nervous structure of the skin:
A single myelinated neural fiber that traverses the capsule where the myelin sheath is shed, and the fiber arborizes inside the capsule

A

Ruffini corpuscles

122
Q

Nervous structure of the skin:
Response to torque, stretch and the mechanical displacement of collagen fibers

A

Ruffini corpuscles

123
Q

These are considered phasic receptors that generate short action potentials at the beginning and end of a stimulus

A

Ruffini corpuscles

124
Q

Simple and encapsulated bulb structures that contain thin collagenous capsules
These are found in genitalia regions and sense low frequency vibrations

A

Krause end bulbs

125
Q

Simple and encapsulated bulb structures that contain thin collagenous capsules

A

Krause end bulbs

126
Q

Nervous structure of the skin that senses low frequency vibrations
Found in genitalia regions

A

Krause end bulbs

127
Q

Pacinian corpuscles receive this type of nerve fiber

A

Myelinated

128
Q

Nervous structure of the skin sensitive to deep pressure, course touch, and vibrations

A

Pacinian corpuscles

129
Q

Encapsulated receptors found in deeper regions of the dermis (reticular) and subcutaneous tissue

A

Pacinian corpuscles

130
Q

Unmyelinated portion surrounded by Schwann cell lamellae

A

Pacinian corpuscles

131
Q

The unmyelinated portion of the Pacinian corpuscles is surrounded by this

A

Schwann cell lamellae

132
Q

Portion of the Pacinian corpuscle that is surrounded by Schwann cell lamellae

A

Unmyelinated portion

133
Q

Type of hair that is short, soft and pale

A

Vellus

134
Q

Type of hair that is long, coarse and dark

A

Terminal

135
Q

Part of the hair follicle that’s located between the sebaceous duct opening and the bulge

A

Isthmus

136
Q

Upper part of a hair follicle that extends from the skin’s surface to the opening of the sebaceous duct

A

Infundibulum

137
Q

Hair follicles arise from invaginations of this

A

Epidermis
(protrudes into the dermis or further)

138
Q

Area located within the outer root sheath of the hair follicle, where stem cells reside, positioned at the point where the arrector pili muscle attaches to the follicle

A

Follicular bulge

139
Q

Is hair keratinized?

A

Yes

140
Q

During injury of the epidermis, the epidermal stem cells migrate from this part of the hair follicle toward the skin surface and participate in the initial resurfacing of damaged epidermis

A

Follicular bulge

141
Q

Multilayered cellular covering that surrounds the deep part of the hair

A

Internal root sheath

142
Q

These differentiate into keratin-producing cells and the internal root sheath

A

Matrix cells (germinative)

143
Q

Melanocytes located here transfer melanosomes into the epithelial cells that will later differentiate to form hair

A

Hair bulb matrix

144
Q

Most superficial layer of the internal root sheath of hair

A

Henle’s layer

145
Q

Deepest layer of the internal root sheath of hair

A

Internal root sheath cuticle

146
Q

3 layers of the internal root sheath, from superficial to deep

A

Henle’s layer
Huxley’s layer
Internal root sheath cuticle

147
Q

Layer of the internal root sheath that is in contact with the external root sheath and is made of cuboidal cells

A

Henle’s layer

148
Q

The Henle’s layer of the internal root sheath is made of these morphological type of cell

A

Cuboidal cells

149
Q

Layer of the internal root sheath that is a single or double layer of flattened cells

A

Huxley’s layer

150
Q

Layer of the internal root sheath that is composed of squamous cells that are in contact with the hair shaft

A

Internal root sheath cuticle

151
Q

The internal root sheath cuticle is made up of this morphological type of cell

A

Squamous cells

152
Q

Multilayered section of the hair follicle that is composed of rapidly reproducing matrix cells and has the composition similar to epidermal cells

A

External root sheath

153
Q

At the hair bulb, this takes on the composition of the stratum basale

A

External root sheath

154
Q

At the hair bulb, the external root sheath takes on the composition of this

A

Stratum basale

155
Q

The external root sheath takes on the composition of the stratum basale at this part of the hair follicle

A

At the hair bulb

156
Q

A thick basal lamina that separates the external root sheath of the hair follicle from the dermis

A

Glassy membrane

157
Q

The glassy membrane separates this part of the hair follicle from the dermis

A

External root sheath

158
Q

The glassy membrane separates the external root sheath of the hair follicle from this

A

Dermis

159
Q

Part of the hair proper that forms the central portion of the shaft and contains a column of loosely connected keratinized cells containing soft keratin (only present in thick hairs)

A

Medulla

160
Q

Largest layer of the hair proper

A

Cortex

161
Q

Structure of the hair proper that is composed of cortical cells filled with hard keratin intermediate filaments
These filaments are cross-linked which contribute to the rigidness of the hair shaft

A

Cortex

162
Q

What contributes to the rigidness of the hair shaft?

A

Hard keratin intermediate filaments in the cortical cells of the cortex of the hair proper are cross-linked

163
Q

Outermost layer of the hair shaft

A

Cuticle of hair shaft

164
Q

Part of the hair shaft that consists of several layers of transparent, keratinized squamous cells
Said to resemble fish scales or roof tiles

A

Cuticle of hair shaft

165
Q

What is the morphology of the cuticle of hair shaft?

A

Several layers of transparent, keratinized squamous cells
Said to resemble fish scales or roof tiles

166
Q

The cells that compose the hair root is called this, and when these cells proliferate hair grows

A

Matrix

167
Q

The growth of hair is due to rapidly dividing, proliferating, and differentiating cells in this part

A

Hair matrix

168
Q

Melanocytes in this part of the follicle transfer melanosomes into the epithelial cells that will later differentiate to form hair

A

Hair bulb matrix

169
Q

Consists of smooth muscle fibers and elevates the hair shaft during contraction (goose bumps), as well as contributes to the expression of sebum from the sebaceous gland

A

Arrector pili muscle

170
Q

Sebaceous glands release their contents (sebum) via this process

A

Holocrine secretion

171
Q

Glands composed of lobules of large polyhedral pale-staining cells containing abundant lipids droplets and small dark-staining central nuclei

A

Sebaceous glands

172
Q

Lobules from these structures are located about two-thirds up from the hair bulb and connect to the hair follicle through short sebaceous ducts

A

Sebaceous glands

173
Q

The secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands in the dermis and upper hypodermis are composed of this morphological cell type

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

174
Q

The excretory duct portions of eccrine sweat glands are composed of this morphological cell type

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

175
Q

Types of cells in eccrine sweat glands that are mainly contractile and help expel sweat into the lumen of an acinus
The duct lacks these cells

A

Myoepithelial cells

176
Q

Cells that provide the protein component of sweat
Rough ER and secretory glands

A

Dark cells

177
Q

Cells that produce the water component of sweat
Have abundant glyocgen

A

Clear cells

178
Q

Structure composed of large, tubular branches, that are less coiled than eccrine sweat glands

A

Apocrine sweat gland

179
Q

The sac-like lumen of the secretory tubules of apocrine sweat glands is composed of this morphological cell type

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

180
Q

In many mammals, glands similar to this secrete pheromones

A

Apocrine sweat glands

181
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by these nerve fibers

A

Adrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers

182
Q

Apocrine sweat glands start to function at this stage in life

A

Puberty
Are controlled by sex hormones

183
Q

Type of sweat gland that starts to function at puberty and is controlled by sex hormones

A

Apocrine sweat gland

184
Q

Nails are a modified extension of the epidermis, specifically this layer

A

Stratum corneum

185
Q

The nail plate contains this morphological cell type

A

Squamous cells
with hard keratin (corneocytes)

186
Q

The nail bed consists of this

A

Stratum germinativum (nail matrix) and dermis

187
Q

The edge of the skin fold covering the root of the nail

A

Eponychium (cuticle)

188
Q

The skin beneath the free end of the nail

A

Hyponychium

189
Q

Is this dermal or epidermal repair:
1. Blood clot formation
2. Removal of damaged collagen fibers (macrophages)
3. Formation of granulation tissue (new connective tissue)
4. Reepithelization of exposed surface. Proliferation and migration of fibroblasts (5-8 days)
5. Deposition and remodeling of ECM

A

Dermal

190
Q

Is this dermal or epidermal repair:
1. Proliferation in stratum basale of surrounding undamaged sites
2. Increase in mitotic activity
3. Wound covered by scab that represents dehydrated blood clot (10-15 days)
4. The overlying scab is eventually shed due to proliferation of keratinocytes and desquamation

A

Epidermal

191
Q

Does dermal or epidermal repair involve the formation of scab?

A

Epidermal

192
Q

Does dermal or epidermal repair involve formation of granulation tissue?

A

Dermal

Skin & MSK (8 decks)

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