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Skin & MSK > Skeletal Tissue: Histology > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

These establish the segmental organization of the body, including the vertebral column, the occipital bone of the skull, involuntary musculature of the neck, body wall and limbs

A

Somites

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2
Q

Loosely organized tissue formed from the sclerotome of somites (mesoderm)

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

Mesenchyme is loosely organized tissue formed from this

A

The sclerotome of somites (mesoderm)

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4
Q

Vertebrae form from this

A

Sclerotome of the somites

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5
Q

Somites are derived from this

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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6
Q

During this week in development, sclerotome cells migrate around the spinal cord and notochord to merge with cells from the opposing somite on the other side of the neural tube

A

4th week

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7
Q

Sclerotomes will develop into this

A

Vertebrae

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8
Q

The ventral portion of the sclerotome surrounds the notochord forming this

A

Vertebral body

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9
Q

The dorsal part of the sclerotome flanks the neural tube and will eventually expand to form this

A

Vertebral arch

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10
Q

Which portion of the sclerotome (dorsal or ventral) will form the vertebral body?

A

Ventral
Surrounds the notochord

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11
Q

Which portion of the sclerotome (dorsal or ventral) will form the vertebral arch?

A

Dorsal
Flanks the neural tube

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12
Q

The dermomyotome contributes to these 2 parts of the body

A

Dermis of the skin throughout the trunk
Myotome

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13
Q

This contributes to the dermis of the skin throughout the trunk and forms the myotome

A

Dermomyotome

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14
Q

This gives rise to the epaxial (dorsal) and hypaxial (ventrolateral) muscles of the body wall

A

Myotome

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15
Q

Word that describes the dorsal muscles of the body mall

A

Epaxial

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16
Q

Word that describes the ventrolateral muscles of the body wall

A

Hypaxial

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17
Q

These cells migrate into the developing limbs to form the limb muscles

A

Myotome cells

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18
Q

The division between the cranial and caudal portions of each sclerotome is characterized by a line of transversely arranged cells known as the intrasegmental boundary, otherwise known as this

A

Von Ebner’s fissure

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19
Q

What is Von Ebner’s fissure?

A

The division between the cranial and caudal portions of each sclerotome

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20
Q

Avascular, connective tissue that consists of a matrix and chondrocytes

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

Is cartilage vascularized?

A

No

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22
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro-

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23
Q

2 components of basic cartilage

A

Matrix and chondrocytes

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24
Q

Type of cartilage that has a lubricated, glassy appearance in the living person and has three types of molecules that make up the cartilaginous matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, multi-adhesive glycoproteins)

A

Hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

What is the predominant type of collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II
(IX, XI, and X also present)

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26
Q

This is the most important monomer in hyaline cartilage, and has a large negative charge and affinity for water molecules

A

Aggrecan

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27
Q

Aggregan is the most important monomer in this type of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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28
Q

What is the charge of aggrecan?

A

Large negative charge
has an affinity for water molecules

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29
Q

This has clinical value as markers of cartilage turnover and degeneration

A

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

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30
Q

Most of hyaline cartilage is made up of this due to increased hydration of the matrix and much of it is attached to the aggrecan monomer

A

Intercellular water

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31
Q

These influence chondrocyte integration with the matrix and provides an important marker for cartilage degeneration

A

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

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32
Q

Internal modeling relies on the ability of these to detect changes in composition

A

Chondrocytes

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33
Q

Describes when chondrocytes are distributed in clusters in cartilage

A

Isogenous groups

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34
Q

Isogenous groups produce this, while dispersing themselves away from one another

A

The collagenous matrix
Also produce and maintain the ECM

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35
Q

3 components of the hyaline cartilage matrix

A

Capsular (pericellular)
Territorial
Interterritorial

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36
Q

Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that is densely staining immediately around chrondrocyte (high concentration of matrix components)

A

Capsular (pericellular) matrix

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37
Q

Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that surrounds isogenous groups

A

Territorial matrix

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38
Q

Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that contains arranged network of type II collagen fibrils with smaller concentrations of matrix components

A

Territorial matrix

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39
Q

Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that surrounds territorial matrix and occupies space between groups of chondrocytes

A

Interterritorial matrix

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40
Q

Territorial matrix surrounds isogenous groups and contains arranged network of these with smaller concentrations of matrix components

A

Type II collagen

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41
Q

This provides a model for the developing skeleton of the fetus and is a precursor for bones by the process of endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage

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42
Q

Where does hyaline cartilage exist in the adult?

A

Trachea, bronchi, larynx, nose

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43
Q

Dense connective tissue composed of cells that are indistinguishable from fibroblasts

A

Perichondrium

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44
Q

This serves as the source of new cartilage cells

A

Perichondrium

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45
Q

The perichondrium serves as the source of these

A

New cartilage cells

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46
Q

This underlies the perichondrium and represents deposition of new cartilage on the surface of the existing hyaline cartilage (appositional growth)

A

Growing cartilage

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47
Q

This contains chondroblasts and immature chondrocytes that are little more than nucleus in the lacuna

A

Growing cartilage

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48
Q

Growing cartilage underlies this

A

The perichondrium

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49
Q

Type of growth where new growth deposits on the surface of existing hyaline cartilage

A

Appositional growth

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50
Q

Type of growth when new cartilage forms by chondrocyte mitosis in existing tissue
This is due to chondrocytes retaining the ability to divide

A

Interstitial growth

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51
Q

Hyaline cartilage of articular joint surfaces of movable joints

A

Articular cartilage

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52
Q

How is the structure of articular cartilage different from hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular cartilage has no presence of perichondrium

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53
Q

4 zones of the articular cartilage

A

Superficial tangential zone
Intermediate transitional zone
Deep radial zone
Calcified zone

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54
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that is pressure resistant

A

Superficial tangential zone

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55
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that is closest to the articular surface

A

Superficial tangential zone

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56
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that consists of chondrocytes that are flattened out and surrounded by ECM

A

Superficial tangential zone

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57
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that is located inferiorly to the superficial tangential zone

A

Intermediate tangential zone

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58
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that consists of chondrocytes that are rounded out and disorganized collagen fibers

A

Intermediate tangential zone

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59
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that includes small, round chondrocytes in short columns

A

Deep radial zone

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60
Q

Zone of articular cartilage where collagen is positioned parallel to the long axis of the bone

A

Deep radial zone

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61
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that is a calcified matrix with the presence of chondrocytes

A

Calcified zone

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62
Q

Zone of articular cartilage that is separated by a calcified tidemark line from the deep radial zone

A

Calcified zone

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63
Q

The deposition of calcium salts in the tissue

A

Calcification

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64
Q

Type of cartilage that is prone to calcification

A

Hyaline cartilage
Calcifies as part of the aging process

65
Q

Describes when calcium and phosphate ions are deposited into a collagen matrix

A

Mineralization

66
Q

Elastic cartilage is found in these two parts of the body

A

Ear (external ear, eustachian tube, walls of the external auditory meatus)
Epiglottis of the larynx

67
Q

Elastic cartilage does not calcify with aging as hyaline cartilage but is similarly surrounded by this

A

A perichondrium

68
Q

Type of cartilage that is made up of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

A

Fibrocartilage

69
Q

Is hyaline cartilage surrounded by perichondrium?

A

Yes

70
Q

Is elastic cartilage surrounded by perichondrium?

A

Yes

71
Q

Is fibrocartilage surrounded by perichondrium?

A

No

72
Q

Type of cartilage that is less cartilage matrix material, no surrounding perichondrium, type I and II collagen fibrils

A

Fibrocartilage

73
Q

Types of collagen fibrils in fibrocartilage

A

I and II

74
Q

Type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs, some articular surfaces, such as the menisci of the knee joint and the pubic symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage

75
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the menisci of the knee joint?

A

Fibrocartilage

76
Q

Type of cartilage where chondrocytes are arranged in rows situated between the dense connective tissue

A

Fibrocartilage

77
Q

Most cartilage arises from chondroprogenitor mesenchymal tissue that is differentiated into chondroblasts by the expression of this

A

SOX9

78
Q

Once these are surrounded by matrix, they are called chondrocytes

A

Chondroblasts

79
Q

Once chondroblasts are surrounded by matrix, they are called this

A

Chondrocytes

80
Q

These secrete cartilage matrix and move apart as they deposit the matrix

A

Chondroblasts

81
Q

This is the most important regulator of calcium and phosphate

A

Parathyroid hormone

82
Q

This is the major structural component of bone

A

Type I collagen

83
Q

Major structural component of bone that provides compressive strength

A

Proteoglycan macromolecules

84
Q

Major structural component of bone that provides attachment to bone substance

A

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

85
Q

Major structural component of bone that captures Ca++ and removes apoptotic cells

A

Bone specific Vitamin K-dependent proteins

86
Q

Two classifications of bone tissue

A

Compact (dense) and Spongy (cancellous)

87
Q

This consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer that contains osteoprogenitor cells

A

Periosteum

88
Q

The inner cellular layer of periosteum contains this

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

89
Q

The periosteum is not present when the articulating surface is covered by this

A

Cartilage (articular cartilage)

90
Q

These cells can undergo division and become osteoblasts under the appropriate stimulus

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

91
Q

These connect periosteum to underlying bone

A

Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

92
Q

These are made of collagen and extend into the outer lamellae but not into the osteons

A

Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

93
Q

What do Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers) connect?

A

Connect periosteum to underlying bone

94
Q

What are Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers) made of?

A

Collagen

95
Q

This is very thin and covers the small trabeculae of the bony matrix into the marrow cavities
Also contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and bone lining cells in collagen fibers

A

Endosteum

96
Q

As an individual ages, red cell formation diminishes and the tissue starts to consist of fat cells, where it is then called this

A

Yellow marrow

97
Q

Mature bone is composed of these

A

Osteons

98
Q

In mature bone, these consist of concentratic lamellae that surround a central canal

A

Osteons

99
Q

In mature bones, oteons consists of concentric lamellae that surround a central canal, called this

A

Haversian canal

100
Q

These contain the vascular and nerve supply of the osteon

A

Haversian canals

101
Q

Lamellar bone refers to this type of bone

A

Mature bone

102
Q

Channels in lamellar bone through which blood vessels and nerves travel from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces to reach Haversian canals and connect these canals to one another

A

Volkmann’s canals

103
Q

Volkmann’s canals are channels in this type of bone

A

Lamellar (mature) bone

104
Q

A key feature in the histologic identification of Volkmann’s canals is that they are not surrounded by this

A

Concentric lamellae

105
Q

These lie between each of the osteons in mature bone and are remnants of past concentric lamellae

A

Interstitial lamellae

106
Q

What is the structural difference between mature spongy bone and mature compact bone?

A

Mature spongy bone has tissue arranged as trabeculae or spicules, with interconnecting marrow spaces

107
Q

Does mature spongy or mature compact bone have tissue arranged as trabeculae or spicules, with interconnecting marrow spaces?

A

Mature spongy bone

108
Q

Type of bone that is unorganized, non lamellar, bundles, more cell bodies, present in fetal and remodeled bone, forming more rapidly

A

Immature bone

109
Q

Type of bone in the alveolar sockets of the adult oral cavity

A

Immature bone

110
Q

These are where blood vessels pass through bone to meet the marrow

A

Nutrient foramina

111
Q

Type of bone that is newly calcified and arranged in an irregular pattern of collagenous fibers and cells

A

Woven
(aka immature, bundle, primary)

112
Q

Type of bone found in developing bones and fractures

A

Woven
(aka immature, bundle, primary)

113
Q

Bone type that is also called immature, bundle, primary bone

A

Woven

114
Q

Where is woven bone type found?

A

Developing bones and fractures

115
Q

Bone type that is also called mature or secondary bone

A

Lamellar

116
Q

Bone type with bundles of collagen that run in parallel to each other
Is extremely calcified and remodels from woven bone

A

Lamellar

117
Q

Bone type found in non-pathological regions of adult bone

A

Lamellar

118
Q

Bone type that is also called cortical bone

A

Compact

119
Q

Bone type that is most of the lamellar bone and has osteons that are packed tightly

A

Compact

120
Q

Bone type found in outer regions of lamellar bones

A

Compact

121
Q

Bone type that is also called trabecular, medullary, or spongy bone

A

Cancellous

122
Q

Bone types that is the minority of lamellar bone and consists of trabeculae covered with endosteum; or interconnected thin spicules

A

Cancellous

123
Q

Bone type found in inner regions of bones

A

Cancellous

124
Q

Two types of lamellar bone

A

Compact and Cancellous
Compact is most of the lamellar bone

125
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

Outer regions of lamellar bones

126
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

Inner regions of bones

127
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are derived from this

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow

128
Q

These cells have been shown to increase osteoblast differentiation in response to electromagnetic pulses

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

129
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Bone matrix

130
Q

Cells that retain the ability to divide and secrete type I collagen and bone matrix proteins (or osteoid)

A

Osteoblasts

131
Q

Cells that lay in apposition to forming bone

A

Osteoblasts

132
Q

Unmineralized bone matrix where mineralization is triggered by matrix vesicles

A

Osteoid

133
Q

Matrix vesicles trigger mineralization of osteoid, and are rich in this

A

Alkaline phosphatase

134
Q

These are rich in alkaline phosphatase and are responsible for the mineralization of bone

A

Matrix vesicles

135
Q

Cells that exhibit cytoplasmic processes that allows these cells to communicate

A

Osteoblasts

136
Q

These become the canliculi within the matrix, where communication occurs

A

Cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts

137
Q

The cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts become this, within the matrix

A

Canaliculi
where these cells communicate with osteoblasts, endothelial cells of bone marrow vasculature, etc.

138
Q

Mature bone cells that were osteoblasts surrounded by their own matrix

A

Osteocytes

139
Q

Cells that reside in lacunae and have long cellular processes that occupy canaliculi

A

Osteocytes

140
Q

Cells that have been shown to assist in nutrition of the bone and sensing mechanical stimulation

A

Osteocytes

141
Q

What is the lifespan of osteocytes?

A

10-20 years

142
Q

Cells that are metabolically active and multifunctional due to responding to mechanical stimuli

A

Osteocytes

143
Q

Large cells that have multiple nuclei and specialize in bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts

144
Q

Which of the following have multiple nuclei: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, or osteocytes?

A

Osteoclasts

145
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from this

A

Macrophage-monocyte cell lines

146
Q

This is a resorption bay that depicts the area of bone resorption that is sitting directly under the osteoclast

A

Howship’s Lacuna

147
Q

Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue by releasing these 2 things into the constriced microenvironment of the extracellular space

A

Protons and Lysosomal hydrolases

148
Q

3 regions of osteoclasts

A

Ruffled border
Clear zone
Basolateral zone

149
Q

Area of osteoclast in contact with the bone
Appears as light band on surface near bone

A

Ruffled border

150
Q

Area next to ruffled border where bone is being resorbed within the osteoclast

A

Clear zone

151
Q

The clear zone of osteoclasts contains these 2 things that are considered the sealing zone between the osteoclast and bone where resorption and degradation occurs

A

Actin filaments and ECM adhesion molecules

152
Q

Region of osteoclasts that contains actin filaments and ECM adhesion molecules that are considered the sealing zone between the osteoclast and bone where resorption and degradation occurs

A

Clear zone

153
Q

Cell type that has these three regions: ruffled border, clear zone, basolateral zone

A

Osteoclasts

154
Q

Region of osteoclasts where exocytosis and fragmentation of the resorbed area occurs

A

Basolateral zone

155
Q

Region of osteoclasts that transports vesicles of digested material to cell membrane

A

Basolateral zone

156
Q

Bone lining cells are derived from this

A

Osteoblasts

157
Q

Cells that function in maintenance and nutrition in non-remodeling bone

A

Bone lining cells

158
Q

When present on the periosteum or endosteum, these cells are called periosteal or endosteal cells, respectively

A

Bone lining cells

Skin & MSK (30 decks)

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