Skeletal Tissue: Histology Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
These establish the segmental organization of the body, including the vertebral column, the occipital bone of the skull, involuntary musculature of the neck, body wall and limbs
A
Somites
2
Q
Loosely organized tissue formed from the sclerotome of somites (mesoderm)
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Mesenchyme
3
Q
Mesenchyme is loosely organized tissue formed from this
A
The sclerotome of somites (mesoderm)
4
Q
Vertebrae form from this
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Sclerotome of the somites
5
Q
Somites are derived from this
A
Paraxial mesoderm
6
Q
During this week in development, sclerotome cells migrate around the spinal cord and notochord to merge with cells from the opposing somite on the other side of the neural tube
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4th week
7
Q
Sclerotomes will develop into this
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Vertebrae
8
Q
The ventral portion of the sclerotome surrounds the notochord forming this
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Vertebral body
9
Q
The dorsal part of the sclerotome flanks the neural tube and will eventually expand to form this
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Vertebral arch
10
Q
Which portion of the sclerotome (dorsal or ventral) will form the vertebral body?
A
Ventral
Surrounds the notochord
11
Q
Which portion of the sclerotome (dorsal or ventral) will form the vertebral arch?
A
Dorsal
Flanks the neural tube
12
Q
The dermomyotome contributes to these 2 parts of the body
A
Dermis of the skin throughout the trunk
Myotome
13
Q
This contributes to the dermis of the skin throughout the trunk and forms the myotome
A
Dermomyotome
14
Q
This gives rise to the epaxial (dorsal) and hypaxial (ventrolateral) muscles of the body wall
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Myotome
15
Q
Word that describes the dorsal muscles of the body mall
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Epaxial
16
Q
Word that describes the ventrolateral muscles of the body wall
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Hypaxial
17
Q
These cells migrate into the developing limbs to form the limb muscles
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Myotome cells
18
Q
The division between the cranial and caudal portions of each sclerotome is characterized by a line of transversely arranged cells known as the intrasegmental boundary, otherwise known as this
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Von Ebner’s fissure
19
Q
What is Von Ebner’s fissure?
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The division between the cranial and caudal portions of each sclerotome
20
Q
Avascular, connective tissue that consists of a matrix and chondrocytes
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Cartilage
21
Q
Is cartilage vascularized?
A
No
22
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro-
23
Q
2 components of basic cartilage
A
Matrix and chondrocytes
24
Q
Type of cartilage that has a lubricated, glassy appearance in the living person and has three types of molecules that make up the cartilaginous matrix (collagen, proteoglycans, multi-adhesive glycoproteins)
A
Hyaline cartilage
25
What is the predominant type of collagen in hyaline cartilage?
Type II
(IX, XI, and X also present)
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This is the most important monomer in hyaline cartilage, and has a large negative charge and affinity for water molecules
Aggrecan
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Aggregan is the most important monomer in this type of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
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What is the charge of aggrecan?
Large negative charge
has an affinity for water molecules
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This has clinical value as markers of cartilage turnover and degeneration
Multi-adhesive glycoproteins
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Most of hyaline cartilage is made up of this due to increased hydration of the matrix and much of it is attached to the aggrecan monomer
Intercellular water
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These influence chondrocyte integration with the matrix and provides an important marker for cartilage degeneration
Multi-adhesive glycoproteins
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Internal modeling relies on the ability of these to detect changes in composition
Chondrocytes
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Describes when chondrocytes are distributed in clusters in cartilage
Isogenous groups
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Isogenous groups produce this, while dispersing themselves away from one another
The collagenous matrix
Also produce and maintain the ECM
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3 components of the hyaline cartilage matrix
Capsular (pericellular)
Territorial
Interterritorial
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Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that is densely staining immediately around chrondrocyte (high concentration of matrix components)
Capsular (pericellular) matrix
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Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that surrounds isogenous groups
Territorial matrix
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Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that contains arranged network of type II collagen fibrils with smaller concentrations of matrix components
Territorial matrix
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Component of hyaline cartilage matrix that surrounds territorial matrix and occupies space between groups of chondrocytes
Interterritorial matrix
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Territorial matrix surrounds isogenous groups and contains arranged network of these with smaller concentrations of matrix components
Type II collagen
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This provides a model for the developing skeleton of the fetus and is a precursor for bones by the process of endochondral ossification
Hyaline cartilage
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Where does hyaline cartilage exist in the adult?
Trachea, bronchi, larynx, nose
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Dense connective tissue composed of cells that are indistinguishable from fibroblasts
Perichondrium
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This serves as the source of new cartilage cells
Perichondrium
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The perichondrium serves as the source of these
New cartilage cells
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This underlies the perichondrium and represents deposition of new cartilage on the surface of the existing hyaline cartilage (appositional growth)
Growing cartilage
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This contains chondroblasts and immature chondrocytes that are little more than nucleus in the lacuna
Growing cartilage
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Growing cartilage underlies this
The perichondrium
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Type of growth where new growth deposits on the surface of existing hyaline cartilage
Appositional growth
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Type of growth when new cartilage forms by chondrocyte mitosis in existing tissue
This is due to chondrocytes retaining the ability to divide
Interstitial growth
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Hyaline cartilage of articular joint surfaces of movable joints
Articular cartilage
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How is the structure of articular cartilage different from hyaline cartilage?
Articular cartilage has no presence of perichondrium
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4 zones of the articular cartilage
Superficial tangential zone
Intermediate transitional zone
Deep radial zone
Calcified zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that is pressure resistant
Superficial tangential zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that is closest to the articular surface
Superficial tangential zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that consists of chondrocytes that are flattened out and surrounded by ECM
Superficial tangential zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that is located inferiorly to the superficial tangential zone
Intermediate tangential zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that consists of chondrocytes that are rounded out and disorganized collagen fibers
Intermediate tangential zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that includes small, round chondrocytes in short columns
Deep radial zone
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Zone of articular cartilage where collagen is positioned parallel to the long axis of the bone
Deep radial zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that is a calcified matrix with the presence of chondrocytes
Calcified zone
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Zone of articular cartilage that is separated by a calcified tidemark line from the deep radial zone
Calcified zone
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The deposition of calcium salts in the tissue
Calcification
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Type of cartilage that is prone to calcification
Hyaline cartilage
Calcifies as part of the aging process
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Describes when calcium and phosphate ions are deposited into a collagen matrix
Mineralization
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Elastic cartilage is found in these two parts of the body
Ear (external ear, eustachian tube, walls of the external auditory meatus)
Epiglottis of the larynx
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Elastic cartilage does not calcify with aging as hyaline cartilage but is similarly surrounded by this
A perichondrium
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Type of cartilage that is made up of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
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Is hyaline cartilage surrounded by perichondrium?
Yes
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Is elastic cartilage surrounded by perichondrium?
Yes
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Is fibrocartilage surrounded by perichondrium?
No
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Type of cartilage that is less cartilage matrix material, no surrounding perichondrium, type I and II collagen fibrils
Fibrocartilage
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Types of collagen fibrils in fibrocartilage
I and II
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Type of cartilage found in the intervertebral discs, some articular surfaces, such as the menisci of the knee joint and the pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage
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What type of cartilage is found in the menisci of the knee joint?
Fibrocartilage
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Type of cartilage where chondrocytes are arranged in rows situated between the dense connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
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Most cartilage arises from chondroprogenitor mesenchymal tissue that is differentiated into chondroblasts by the expression of this
SOX9
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Once these are surrounded by matrix, they are called chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
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Once chondroblasts are surrounded by matrix, they are called this
Chondrocytes
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These secrete cartilage matrix and move apart as they deposit the matrix
Chondroblasts
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This is the most important regulator of calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid hormone
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This is the major structural component of bone
Type I collagen
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Major structural component of bone that provides compressive strength
Proteoglycan macromolecules
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Major structural component of bone that provides attachment to bone substance
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
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Major structural component of bone that captures Ca++ and removes apoptotic cells
Bone specific Vitamin K-dependent proteins
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Two classifications of bone tissue
Compact (dense) and Spongy (cancellous)
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This consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer that contains osteoprogenitor cells
Periosteum
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The inner cellular layer of periosteum contains this
Osteoprogenitor cells
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The periosteum is not present when the articulating surface is covered by this
Cartilage (articular cartilage)
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These cells can undergo division and become osteoblasts under the appropriate stimulus
Osteoprogenitor cells
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These connect periosteum to underlying bone
Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
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These are made of collagen and extend into the outer lamellae but not into the osteons
Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)
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What do Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers) connect?
Connect periosteum to underlying bone
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What are Perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers) made of?
Collagen
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This is very thin and covers the small trabeculae of the bony matrix into the marrow cavities
Also contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and bone lining cells in collagen fibers
Endosteum
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As an individual ages, red cell formation diminishes and the tissue starts to consist of fat cells, where it is then called this
Yellow marrow
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Mature bone is composed of these
Osteons
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In mature bone, these consist of concentratic lamellae that surround a central canal
Osteons
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In mature bones, oteons consists of concentric lamellae that surround a central canal, called this
Haversian canal
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These contain the vascular and nerve supply of the osteon
Haversian canals
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Lamellar bone refers to this type of bone
Mature bone
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Channels in lamellar bone through which blood vessels and nerves travel from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces to reach Haversian canals and connect these canals to one another
Volkmann's canals
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Volkmann's canals are channels in this type of bone
Lamellar (mature) bone
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A key feature in the histologic identification of Volkmann's canals is that they are not surrounded by this
Concentric lamellae
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These lie between each of the osteons in mature bone and are remnants of past concentric lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
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What is the structural difference between mature spongy bone and mature compact bone?
Mature spongy bone has tissue arranged as trabeculae or spicules, with interconnecting marrow spaces
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Does mature spongy or mature compact bone have tissue arranged as trabeculae or spicules, with interconnecting marrow spaces?
Mature spongy bone
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Type of bone that is unorganized, non lamellar, bundles, more cell bodies, present in fetal and remodeled bone, forming more rapidly
Immature bone
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Type of bone in the alveolar sockets of the adult oral cavity
Immature bone
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These are where blood vessels pass through bone to meet the marrow
Nutrient foramina
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Type of bone that is newly calcified and arranged in an irregular pattern of collagenous fibers and cells
Woven
(aka immature, bundle, primary)
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Type of bone found in developing bones and fractures
Woven
(aka immature, bundle, primary)
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Bone type that is also called immature, bundle, primary bone
Woven
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Where is woven bone type found?
Developing bones and fractures
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Bone type that is also called mature or secondary bone
Lamellar
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Bone type with bundles of collagen that run in parallel to each other
Is extremely calcified and remodels from woven bone
Lamellar
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Bone type found in non-pathological regions of adult bone
Lamellar
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Bone type that is also called cortical bone
Compact
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Bone type that is most of the lamellar bone and has osteons that are packed tightly
Compact
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Bone type found in outer regions of lamellar bones
Compact
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Bone type that is also called trabecular, medullary, or spongy bone
Cancellous
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Bone types that is the minority of lamellar bone and consists of trabeculae covered with endosteum; or interconnected thin spicules
Cancellous
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Bone type found in inner regions of bones
Cancellous
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Two types of lamellar bone
Compact and Cancellous
Compact is most of the lamellar bone
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Where is compact bone found?
Outer regions of lamellar bones
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Where is cancellous bone found?
Inner regions of bones
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Osteoprogenitor cells are derived from this
Mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow
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These cells have been shown to increase osteoblast differentiation in response to electromagnetic pulses
Osteoprogenitor cells
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What is osteoid?
Bone matrix
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Cells that retain the ability to divide and secrete type I collagen and bone matrix proteins (or osteoid)
Osteoblasts
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Cells that lay in apposition to forming bone
Osteoblasts
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Unmineralized bone matrix where mineralization is triggered by matrix vesicles
Osteoid
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Matrix vesicles trigger mineralization of osteoid, and are rich in this
Alkaline phosphatase
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These are rich in alkaline phosphatase and are responsible for the mineralization of bone
Matrix vesicles
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Cells that exhibit cytoplasmic processes that allows these cells to communicate
Osteoblasts
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These become the canliculi within the matrix, where communication occurs
Cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts
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The cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts become this, within the matrix
Canaliculi
where these cells communicate with osteoblasts, endothelial cells of bone marrow vasculature, etc.
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Mature bone cells that were osteoblasts surrounded by their own matrix
Osteocytes
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Cells that reside in lacunae and have long cellular processes that occupy canaliculi
Osteocytes
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Cells that have been shown to assist in nutrition of the bone and sensing mechanical stimulation
Osteocytes
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What is the lifespan of osteocytes?
10-20 years
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Cells that are metabolically active and multifunctional due to responding to mechanical stimuli
Osteocytes
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Large cells that have multiple nuclei and specialize in bone resorption
Osteoclasts
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Which of the following have multiple nuclei: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, or osteocytes?
Osteoclasts
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Osteoclasts are derived from this
Macrophage-monocyte cell lines
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This is a resorption bay that depicts the area of bone resorption that is sitting directly under the osteoclast
Howship's Lacuna
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Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue by releasing these 2 things into the constriced microenvironment of the extracellular space
Protons and Lysosomal hydrolases
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3 regions of osteoclasts
Ruffled border
Clear zone
Basolateral zone
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Area of osteoclast in contact with the bone
Appears as light band on surface near bone
Ruffled border
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Area next to ruffled border where bone is being resorbed within the osteoclast
Clear zone
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The clear zone of osteoclasts contains these 2 things that are considered the sealing zone between the osteoclast and bone where resorption and degradation occurs
Actin filaments and ECM adhesion molecules
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Region of osteoclasts that contains actin filaments and ECM adhesion molecules that are considered the sealing zone between the osteoclast and bone where resorption and degradation occurs
Clear zone
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Cell type that has these three regions: ruffled border, clear zone, basolateral zone
Osteoclasts
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Region of osteoclasts where exocytosis and fragmentation of the resorbed area occurs
Basolateral zone
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Region of osteoclasts that transports vesicles of digested material to cell membrane
Basolateral zone
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Bone lining cells are derived from this
Osteoblasts
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Cells that function in maintenance and nutrition in non-remodeling bone
Bone lining cells
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When present on the periosteum or endosteum, these cells are called periosteal or endosteal cells, respectively
Bone lining cells
