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Skin & MSK > Skeletal Tissue: Development > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissue: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Bone formation occurs in these 2 ways

A

Intramembranous ossification (flat bone)
Endochondral ossification (weight bearing bones)

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2
Q

Type of bone formation that occurs for flat bones

A

Intramembranous ossification

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3
Q

Type of bone formation that occurs for weight-bearing bones like extremities and vertebrae-axial skeleton

A

Endochondral ossification

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4
Q

Type of bone formation:
Ossification without cartilage formation

A

Intramembranous

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5
Q

Type of bone formation:
Forms trabeculae resembling a sponge, also called spongy bone

A

Intramembranous

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6
Q

During Intramembranous ossification, osteoblast secretion of this leads to mineralization and osteocyte development

A

Calcium phosphate

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7
Q

Type of bone formation:
Bone matrix appears in histological sections as small, irregularly shaped spicules and trabeculae

A

Intramembranous

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8
Q

What occupies the spaces in between immature bone during intramembranous ossification?

A

Connective tissue and blood vessels

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9
Q

Type of bone formation that exists in pre-existing cartilaginous models

A

Endochondral ossification

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10
Q

This is the first sign of Endochondral ossification

A

The appearance of a cuff of bone around the cartilage model

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11
Q

The appearance of a cuff of bone around the cartilage model is the first sign of this type of bone formation

A

Endochondral ossification

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12
Q

Chondrocytes are derived from this

A

Perichondrial cells

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13
Q

Perichondrial cells give rise to this type of cell

A

Chondrocytes

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14
Q

A transverse disc of cartilage that remains due to the formation of the primary and secondary ossifications during endochondral ossification

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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15
Q

This is the primary ossification center as a result of endochondral ossification

A

Diaphysis

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16
Q

This is the secondary ossification center as a result of endochondral ossification

A

Epiphysis

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17
Q

The cartilage of this is responsible for maintaining the growth process after endochondral ossification

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

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18
Q

During indirect healing after a fracture, these differentiate into periosteal cells, fibroblasts, or chondroblasts (cartilage) forming a soft callus

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

Type of bone healing where a blot clot of hematoma first forms at this site

A

Indirect healing

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20
Q

Smooth muscle is derived from this

A

Visceral splanchnic mesoderm

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21
Q

Mesodermal (mesenchymal) cells give rise to these long, spindle shaped cells that do not fuse and remain mononucleated

A

Myogenic cells / myoblasts

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22
Q

Ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae of the eye are smooth muscle derived from this

A

Neural crest cells

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23
Q

Cardiac muscle is derived from this

A

Visceral splanchnic mesoderm that is found surrounding the heart tube

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24
Q

Cardiac myoblasts are derived from this

A

Mesenchyme

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25
Q

Skeletal muscle is derived from this

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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26
Q

Post-mitotic myoblasts begin to synthesize these 2 things

A

Actin and myosin

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27
Q

These form from myoblasts/myocytes and synthesize actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin and other muscle proteins

A

Myotubes / myofibers

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28
Q

Primary myogenesis occurs during this stage of development

A

Embryonic stage (up to 8 weeks)

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29
Q

Secondary myogenesis occurs during this stage of development

A

Fetal stage (8 weeks to birth)

30
Q

At what week in development do mesenchymal cells of myotomes, as well as of specialized condensed (premuscle) areas of mesenchyme modulate into myoblasts, which begin to aggregate into syncytial tubes

A

4 weeks

31
Q

At what week in development have syncytial myotubes formed primitive muscle fibers in which longitudinal myofilaments appear
Myotubes grow in length by incorporating additional myoblasts

A

5 weeks

32
Q

At what week in development have more myofilaments appeared, but nuclei are still centralized
Growth in length continues through addition of myoblasts

A

9 weeks

33
Q

Myotubes grow in length through addition of these

A

Myoblasts

34
Q

These grow in length by addition of myoblasts

A

Myotubes

35
Q

At what month in development have muscle fibers become thicker as myofilaments have multiplied and differentiated into thin (actin) and thick (myosin) myofilaments arranged in alternate overlapping bands, giving a cross-striated appearance
Nuclei move peripherally
Growth in length continues through addition of myoblasts

A

5 months

36
Q

Are nuclei centralized or have they moved peripherally at 9 weeks development?

A

Still centralized

37
Q

Are nuclei centralized or have they moved peripherally at 5 months of development?

A

Move peripherally

38
Q

This arrests muscle growth when a muscle has attained its normal size

A

Myostatin

39
Q

In the absence of this function, animals develop a grossly hypertrophic musculature

A

Myostatin

40
Q

Myostatin arrests this

A

Muscle growth
(when a muscle has attained its normal size)

41
Q

In the trunk region, each myotome partitions into these

A

A doral epimere and ventral hypomere

42
Q

Partition of trunk myotome that develops into the extensor muscles of the neck and vertebral column

A

Epimere (epaxial)

43
Q

Partition of trunk myotome that develops into the scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid, infrahyoid, intercostal, abdominal muscles, lateral and ventral flexors of the vertebral column, quadratus lumborum, and pelvic diaphragm

A

Hypomere (hypaxial)

44
Q

Myoblasts proliferate and exit the cell cycle to terminally differentiate to form this

A

Myocytes

45
Q

These cells express contractile proteins such as actin and myosin and fuse to form myofibers, each of which consists of a multinucleated syncytium (i.e. a cellular mass with multiple nuclei) containing contractile myofibrils

A

Myocytes

46
Q

Upper limb forms at this many days gestations

A

26

47
Q

Lower limb forms at this many days gestations

A

28

48
Q

Upper or lower limb:
Forms opposite of caudal cervical segments

A

Upper

49
Q

Upper or lower limb:
Forms an apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

both

50
Q

Upper or lower limb:
Rotates 90 degrees laterally

A

Upper

51
Q

Upper or lower limb:
Forms opposite of the lumbar and upper sacral segments

A

Lower

52
Q

Upper or lower limb:
Rotates 90 degrees medially

A

Lower

53
Q

Major muscle mass that develops into the extensor and supinator musculature of the upper limb and the extensor and abductor musculature of the lower limb

A

Posterior condensation

54
Q

Major muscle mass that develops into the flexor and pronator musculature of the upper limb and the flexor and adductor musculature of the lower limb

A

Anterior condensation

55
Q

Each limb bud consists of a ______ core covered by a layer of ectoderm

A

Mesenchymal

56
Q

Each limb bud consists of a mesenchymal core covered by a layer of this

A

ectoderm

57
Q

This migrates into the limb bud to give rise to vasculature and skeletal formations

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

58
Q

Limb buds elongate by proliferation of this

A

Mesenchyme

59
Q

Chondrification centers form during this week of development

A

5th

60
Q

Cartilaginous limbs form during this week of development

A

6th

61
Q

Osteogenesis occurs in the limbs during this week of development

A

7th

62
Q

Primary ossification centers form in limbs during this week of development

A

12th

63
Q

This induces development of primordial phalanges

A

Apical epidermal ridge (AER)

64
Q

Webbing of the fingers or toes

A

Syndactyly

65
Q

Hand/foot plates form digital rays during this week of development

A

6/7th week

66
Q

Digital rays form separate digits at this week of development

A

8th

67
Q

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

68
Q

Drug that was used to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women
Has been linked to Phocomelia/Focomelia (reduced/missing arms and/or legs)

A

Thalidomide

69
Q

Hyperextension and incurving of the feet
Occurs from abnormal positioning or restricted movement of the lower limbs of the fetus in utero (genetic and environmental factors together)
All anatomical structures are present
French (taping) method or Ponseti (casting) method
No discomfort or pain

A

Talipes Equinovarus

70
Q

What is Talipes Equinovarus?

A

Hyperextension and incurving of the feet (clubfoot)
Occurs from abnormal positioning or restricted movement of the lower limbs of the fetus in utero (genetic and environmental factors together)

Skin & MSK (30 decks)

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