Skin and Body membranes Flashcards
_____, also called covering and lining membranes,
epithelial membrane
epithelial membranes include (3)
cutaneous membrane;
mucous membrane;
serous membrane/serosa
The cutaneous membrane is composed of two layers
epidermis;
dermis
A _____ is composed of epithelium resting on a loose
(areolar) connective tissue membrane called a ____
mucous membrane (mucosa); lamina propria
This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
mucous membrane (mucosa
is composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting
on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Serous membrane, or serosa
serosa folds in on itself to form the ___, which covers the
outside of the organ(s) in that cavity.
visceral layer
- ____ are composed of loose
areolar connective tissue and contain no
epithelial cells at all.
Synovial membranes
These membranes line the fibrous capsules
surrounding joints providing a smooth surface
and secreting lubricating fluid.
Synovial membranes
synovial membranes also line small sacs of connective tissue
called ____ and the tubelike ____
bursae; tendon sheaths.
Structure of Skin (2+1)
outer epidermis;
underlying dermis;
hypodermis
The outer ___ is made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of becoming hard and tough
epidermis
The underlying ___is made up mostly of dense irregular connective tissue.
dermis
- ________, which essentially is
adipose (fat) tissue. It is not
considered part of the skin, but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient
storage.
Hypodermis
Layers of Epidermis (5)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
Cells begin to die.
stratum lucidum
cells are dead, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space make water resistant
stratum corneum
cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of granules
stratum granulosum
cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
stratum spinosum
stem cells are actively dividing; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial laayers
stratum basale
Cells found in the Epidermis (5)
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Basal Cells
– Specialized cells that
produce keratin
Keratinocytes
– Specialized cells that
produce melanin
Melanocytes
- are immune system
cells that detect and fight pathogens
entering the skin
Langerhans cells
- sensory cells that respond
to light touch and connect to nerve
endings in the dermis
Merkel cells
is a strong, stretch envelope that
helps to bind the body together
dermis
The connective tissue making up
the dermis consists of two major
regions—the
papillary and the
reticular areas
papillary= composed of ___
reticular areas= composed of ___
papillary= areolar connective tissue
reticular= dense irregular connective tissues
The __ is the superficial
dermal region that contains dermal papillae
papillary layer;
Others house pain receptors (free
nerve endings) and touch receptors
papillary layer
On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, the ___ are arranged in definite patterns that form looped and
whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that increase friction and
enhance the gripping ability of the fingers and feet
papillae
_____is the deepest skin layer. It contains dense irregular connective tissue, as well
as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called ____
reticular dermis; lamellar corpuscles.
Both ___ and ___ are found
throughout the dermis
collagen and elastic fibers
The ___ houses the sweat glands,
hair, hair follicles, muscles, sensory
neurons, and blood vessels
dermis
Skin respond to touch using (6)
Meissner’s corpuscles ,
Merkel disks ,
Root hair plexus (for fine touch) and
Pacinian corpuscles,
Ruffini’s endings and
Krause’s end bulbs
Every square centimeter of
your skin contains around ___
14
pressure receptors
what condition?
blue-green fingertips, toes and palms that are cold to the touch. Color returns after body part is warmed
peripheral cyanosis
Effects of Emotions on Skin (4)
- Redness, or erythema
- Pallor, or blanching.
- Jaundice or a yellow cast.
- Bruises
Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment
(blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy
Redness, or erythema.
Some people become pale under certain types of
emotional stress (fear, anger, and others). Pale skin may also signify anemia,
low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area
Pallor, or blanching.
- An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a
liver disorder in which excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate
throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.
Jaundice or a yellow cast.
. The black-and-blue marks of bruising reveal sites where blood has
escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted
blood masses are called ____
Bruises; hematomas
skin appendages (6)
cutaneous gland (sebaceous & sweat)
eccrine gland
apocrine gland
hair
hair follicles
nails
these glands are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they push into the
deeper skin regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the dermis.
cutaneous gland
Also known as oil glands, are
found all over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Sebaceous Glands
- is a mixture of oily
substances and fragmented cells; is used for lubrication,
and protection and prevents hair to become brittle
Sebum
coiled tubular structures
vital for regulating human
body temperature
Sweat Glands
produce sweat; supplied with nerve endings that
cause them to secrete sweat when the
external temperature or body temperature is
too hig
Eccrine Gland
a clear secretion that is
primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C,
traces of metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea,
uric acid), and lactic acid (a chemical that
accumulates during vigorous muscle
activity
sweat
Sweat is __ (pH from __to_), a
characteristic that inhibits the growth of
bacteria
acidic; 4-6
largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and
genital areas of the body.
apocrine Gland
Their secretion contains fatty acids and
proteins in addition to all the substances
present in eccrine sweat; consequently, it
may have a milky or yellowish color
apocrine Gland
produced by hair follicles, are found all
over the body surface except on the
palms of the hands, soles of the feet,
nipples, and lips.
hair
Hair follicles is composed of (3)
epithelial root sheath
fibrous sheath
hair papilla
The inner ____ is composed of
epithelial tissue and forms the
hair.
epithelial root
sheath
The outer ____is
actually dermal connective
tissue
fibrous sheath
Its nipple-like ___
provides the blood supply to
the matrix in the hair bulb (the
deepest part of the follicle)
hair papilla
A ___is a scalelike
modification of the epidermis
nail
The borders of the nail are
overlapped by folds of skin
called ____. The edge of
the thick proximal nail fold is
commonly called the ___.
nail folds; cuticle
The stratum basale of the
epidermis extends beneath
the nail as the ___. Its
thickened proximal area,
called the ____, is
responsible for nail growth.
nail bed; nail matrix
Infections and Allergies (7)
- Athlete’s foot.
- Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles
- Cold sores (fever blisters).
- Cold sores
Contact dermatitis - Impetigo
- Psoriasis.
An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes,
resulting from an infection with the fungus ___
Athlete’s foot.; Tinea pedis.
___are caused by inflammation of hair
follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck. ___
are clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium __
Boils ;
Carbuncles; Staphylococcus aureus.
Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting,
caused by ____. The virus localizes in a cutaneous
nerve, where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or
UV radiation
Cold sores (fever blisters). ; human herpesvirus 1 infection
usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth and
nose
Cold sores
Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to
blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in
poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.
Contact dermatitis.
Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and
nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture and weep fluid.
Caused by highly contagious ____ infections.
Impetigo; staphylococcus or streptococcus
. Characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry,
silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed. A chronic condition, is believed to be an autoimmune disorder
Psoriasis
is tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV
radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (such as acids), which denature
proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.
burns
only the superficial epidermis is damaged. The area
becomes red and swollen.
first-degree burns,
___ burns involve injury to the epidermis and the superficial
part of the dermis. The skin is red, painful, and blistered. Because sufficient
numbers of epithelial cells are still present, regrowth (regeneration) of the
epithelium can occur.
Second-degree
___ burns destroy both the epidermis and the dermis and often
extend into the subcutaneous tissue, reflecting their categorization as full
thickness burns. Blisters are usually present, and the burned area appears
blanched (graywhite) or blackened.
third-degree
burns are also full-thickness burns, but they extend into
deeper tissues such as bone, muscle, or tendons. These burns appear dry and
leathery, and they require surgery and grafting to cover exposed tissue. In
severe cases, amputation may be required to save the patient’s life.
Fourth-degree
skin cancer (4)
Basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
merkel cells
is the least malignant and most common skin cancer. Cells of the
stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form keratin, no longer
honor the boundary between epidermis and dermis.
Basal cell carcinoma
The cancerous lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the
face and often appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later
develop a central ulcer with a “pearly” beaded edge
Basal cell carcinoma
is relatively slowgrowing, and metastasis seldom
occurs before the lesion is noticed.
Basal cell carcinoma
arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum. The lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules (small, rounded
swellings) that gradually form shallow ulcers with firm, raised borders.
squamous cell carcinoma
This variety of skin cancer appears most
often on the scalp, ears, back of the hands,
and lower lip, but can appear anywhere on
the skin.
squamous cell carcinoma
It grows rapidly and metastasizes to
adjacent lymph nodes if not removed.; also believed to
be induced by UV exposure
squamous cell carcinoma
can begin wherever
there is pigment; most such
cancers appear spontaneously,
but some develop from
pigmented moles. It arises from
accumulated DNA damage in a
skin cell and usually appears as
a spreading brown to black
patch that metastasizes rapidly
to surrounding lymph and blood
vessels
Melanoma
ABCDE Rule in Malignant Melanoma
DIAGNOSIS
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Evolution
During the fifth and sixth months of development, a fetus is covered with a
downy type of hair called ___
lanugo
By the time the infant is born, it has usually shed this hairy cloak, and instead
its skin is covered with an oily coating called the ___
vernix caseosa
Many men become bald as they age, a phenomenon called ___
male pattern
baldness
A bald man does have hairs in the bald area. But, because those hair follicles
have begun to degenerate, the ___ are colorless and very tiny (and
may not even emerge from the follicle)
vellus hairs
graying hair is usually genetically controlled by a ___
delayed-action gene
