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AnaPhy (Midterms) > Nervous System Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Nervous System Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

glistening white continuation of the brain stem

A

Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Provides a two-way conduction pathway to
and from the brain, and it is a major reflex
center

A

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Enclosed within the ___, the
spinal cord extends from the ____ of the skull to the ____

A

vertebral column;
foramen magnum;
first or second lumbar vertebra

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4
Q

spinal cord is cushioned and protected by ____

A

meninges

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5
Q

In humans, __ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the
cord and exit from the vertebral column to serve the body area close by

A

31;

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6
Q

The spinal cord is about the size of a thumb for most of
its length, but it is enlarged in the ___ and ___ where the nerves serving the upper and lower
limbs arise and leave the cord

A

cervical and lumbar
regions

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7
Q

(collection of the spinal nerve)

A

Cauda equine

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8
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy (5)

A

white matter (exterior)
gray matter (interior)
central canal
meninges
nerves

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9
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy:

_____ – conduction tracts
_____ - mostly cell bodies

A

Exterior white mater;
Internal gray matter

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10
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy:

____- filled with cerebrospinal fluid
____-cover the spinal cord

A

Central canal;
Meninges

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11
Q

White matter of the spinal cord is composed of
______

A

myelinated fiber tracts

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12
Q

three regions of white matter—

A

the dorsal column,
lateral column, and
ventral column

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13
Q

All tracts in the dorsal columns are ___tracts that carry sensory input to the brain. The ___ and ___ columns contain both ascending and
descending (motor) tracts

A

ascending;
lateral and ventral

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14
Q

a bundle of neuron fibers

A

nerve

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15
Q

Nerve:

Each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue
sheats called an ___

A

endoneurium

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16
Q

Nerve:

Groups of fibers are bound by a coarser connective
tissue wrapping, the ___to form ___ or ___

A

perineurium;
fiber bundles or fascicles.

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17
Q

all the fascicles are bound together by a tough
fibrous sheath, the ___, to form the cordlike nerve

A

epineurium

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18
Q

Classification of Nerves (3)

A

Mixed nerves;
Afferent (sensory) nerves;
Efferent (motor) nerves

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19
Q

Classification of Nerves:

– both
sensory and motor
fibers

A

Mixed nerve

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20
Q

Classification of Nerves:

____ – carry
impulses toward the
CNS
___ – carry
impulses away from
the CNS

A

Afferent (sensory)
nerves;
 Efferent (motor)
nerves

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21
Q

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves primarily serve
the ___ and ___. Only one pair (the ____) extends to the thoracic and
abdominal cavities.

A

head and neck;
vagus nerves

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22
Q

The cranial nerves are numbered in
___, and in most cases their names reveal the most important structures they
___

A

sequence;
control

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23
Q

The 31 pairs of human spinal nerves are
formed by the joining of the ___ and ___ of the spinal cord

A

ventral and dorsal
roots

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24
Q

spinal nerve divided into 2

A

dorsal ramus and ventral
ramus

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25
Q

smaller ___serve the skin and
muscles of the posterior body trunk.

A

Dorsal rami

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26
Q

ventral rami of spinal nerves __ through ___ form the _____, which
supply the muscles between the ribs and the
skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral
trunk

A

T1 through T12;
intercostal nerves

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27
Q

ventral rami of all other spinal nerves
form complex networks of nerves called
____, which serve the motor and sensory needs of the limbs

A

plexuses

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28
Q

is the motor subdivision of the PNS that
controls body activities automatically.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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29
Q

Stabilized internal environment
 Consists of only motor nerves

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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30
Q

two division of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic division
 Parasympathetic division

31
Q

in _____, the cell bodies of the motor neurons are inside the CNS, and their
axons (in spinal nerves and their rami) extend
all the way to the skeletal muscles they serve

A

somatic division

32
Q

autonomic nervous system,
has a chain of two motor neurons -

A

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic axon

33
Q

_____– “fight-or-flight”
_____– housekeeping
activites

A

Sympathetic;
Parasympathetic

34
Q

Response to unusual stimulus
Takes over to increase activities

A

sympathetic ANS

35
Q

E” division of sympathetic ANS =

A

exercise,
excitement, emergency, and
embarrassment

36
Q

Conserves energy
 Maintains daily necessary body functions

A

parasympathetic ANS

37
Q

D” division of parasympathetic ANS-

A

digestion,
defecation, and diuresis

38
Q

preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in ___of several cranial nerves—__,__,__ and __ (the
__being the most important of these) and in the __ through __levels of the
spinal cord

A

brain nuclei
III, VII, IX, and X; vagus;
S2; S4

39
Q

Parasympathetic NS
is Also known as ___

A

craniosacral division.

40
Q

Sympathetic NS:
preganglionic neurons are in the ___
of the spinal cord from __ through __

A

gray matter;
T1; L2

41
Q

Sympathetic NS is also called the _____

A

thoracolumbar division

42
Q

a progressive degenerative disease of the
brain that ultimately results in ____
(mental deterioration), memory loss
(particularly for recent events), a short
attention span and disorientation, and
eventual language loss

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD); dementia

43
Q

AD is associated with a shortage of ____ and structural changes in the brain.

A

acetylcholine
(ACh)

44
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD):

Microscopic examinations of brain tissue
reveal senile plaques (aggregations of ___) littering the brain like
shrapnel between the neurons.

A

beta-amyloid peptide

45
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD):

Another line of research has implicated a
protein called ___, which appears to bind
microtubule “tracks” together, much like
railroad ties.

A

tau

46
Q

basal nuclei problem; persistent tremor at rest

A

Parkinson’s Disease

47
Q

Parkinson’s Disease results from degeneration of specific
neurons in the __ of the
midbrain, which normally supply ___to
the basal nuclei.

A

substantia nigra; dopamine

48
Q

Genetic disease that strikes during middle
age leads to massive degeneration of the
basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.

A

Huntington’s Disease

49
Q

initial symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A

wild, jerky, and almost
continuous flapping movements called chorea
(Greek for “dance”)

50
Q

12 cranial nerves (number/name)

A

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

51
Q

Olfactory (Origin/course):

Fibers arise from ____ in the nasal mucosa and synapse with the ____(which in turn, send fibers to the olfactory cortex)

A

olfactory receptors;
olfactory bulbs

52
Q

Olfactory (Function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
carries impulses for the sense of ___

A

purely sensory;
smell

53
Q

Optic (origin/course):

Fibers arise from the ___ of eye and form the ___. Two optic nerves form the ____by partial crossover of fibers; fibers continue to the thalamus as the ____; ___ connect to visual cortex

A

retina;
optic nerve;
optic chiasma;
optic tracts;
thalamic fibers

54
Q

Optic (function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
carries impulses for ___

A

sensory; vision

55
Q

Oculomotor/ Trochlear (origin/course):

fibers run from the ___into the ___

A

midbrain-eye

56
Q

Oculomotor (Function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed); supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles (__, __, __, and __) that direct the eyeball; to the eyelid; and to the internal eye muscles controlling __ and ___

A

sensory;
superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique;
lens shape and pupil size

57
Q

Trochlear (function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
supplies moto fibers for one ____

A

motor;
external eye muscle (superior oblique)

58
Q

Trigeminal (origin/course):

Fibers emerge from the ___and form ___ that run to the ___

A

pons;
three divisions; face

59
Q

Trigeminal (functions):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
conducts ___from the skin of the __and mucosa of the (3); also contains motor fibers that activate the ___

A

mixed nerve;
sensory impulses ;
face; nose, mouth, and corneas;
chewing muscles

60
Q

Abducens (origin/course):

fibers leaves the ___and run to the ___

A

pons; eye

61
Q

Abducens (function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
supplies motor fibers to the _____, which __the eye laterally

A

motor;
lateral rectus muscle;
rolls

62
Q

Facial (origin/course):

fibers leave the __and run to the __

A

pons; face

63
Q

Facial (functions):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
activates the muscles of ____ and the ___and ___; carries sensory impulses from the ___ of anterior tongue

A

mixed nerve;
facial expression; lacrimal; salivary glands;
taste buds

64
Q

Vestibulocochlear (origin/course):

fibers run from the
___ and ____receptors of the ___ to the ___

A

equilibrium and hearing ;
inner ear; brain stem

65
Q

Vestibulocochlear (function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
__branch transmits impulses for the sense of __, and ___branch transmits impulses for the sense of ___; small motor component adjusts sensitivity of ___

A

mixed nerve;
vestiubular; balance;
cochlear; hearing;
sensory receptors

66
Q

Glossopharyngeal (origin/course):

fibers emerge from the ___and run to the __

A

medulla; throat

67
Q

Glossopharyngeal (function):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
supplies motor fibers to the ___ that promote __and __production; carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from chemical and pressure receptors of the ____

A

mixed nerve;
pharynx (throat); swallowing and saliva;
carotid artery

68
Q

Vagus (origin/course):

fibers emerge from the ___and descend into the ___ and _____

A

medulla; thorax and abdominal cavity

69
Q

Vagus (functions):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
fibers carry ___ impulses from and ___impulses to the ___, ___, and ___, and ___; most motor fibers are ____fibers that promote ___ activity and help ____

A

mixed nerve;
sensory; motor;
pharynx, larynx, and the abdominal and thoracic viscera;
parasympathetic;
digestive; regulate heart activity

70
Q

Accessory (origin/cause):

fibers arise from the _____ and travel to muscles of the ___ and ___

A

superior spinal cord (C1-C5)*;
neck and back

71
Q

Accessory (functions):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
activate the ___and ___

A

motor:
sternocleidomastoid; trapezius muscles

72
Q

Hypoglossal (origin/cause):

fibers run form the __to the ___

A

medulla; tongue

73
Q

Hypoglossal (functions):

(sensory/motor/ mixed);
control __ movements

A

motor; tongue

AnaPhy (Midterms) (11 decks)

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