Nervous system Pt. 2 Flashcards
functions of Cerebral Cortex (7)
responses (Speech, memory, logical and emotional),
consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement
two areas of cerebral cortex
Primary somatic sensory area;
Primary motor area,
is located in the
parietal lobe posterior to the central sulcus
Primary somatic sensory area
Impulses traveling from the body’s
sensory receptors (except for the special
senses) are localized and interpreted in
this area of the brain.
Primary somatic sensory area
allows us to consciously move our skeletal
muscles,
Located in the anterior to the central sulcus
in the frontal lobe
Primary motor area
The axons of these motor neurons form the
major voluntary motor tract—the ___ or ___,
which descends to the spinal cord
pyramidal tract, or corticospinal tract
Also called the motor speech area; Helps us speak by sending the motor
signals that allow us to form words with
our mouths.
Broca’s area
____- found at the base of the precentral gyrus
(the gyrus anterior to the central sulcus
Broca’s area;
The ____ (anterior Part of the Frontal lobes) -
involved in higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behavior
Anterior association area
also house areas involved with language comprehension
Frontal lobes
Complex memories appear to be stored in the __and ___
temporal and frontal lobes.
____ area plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces,
and blending several different inputs into an understanding of the whole
situation.
Posterior Cortex
Within this area is the speech area, located at the junction of the temporal,
parietal, and occipital lobes.
Posterior Cortex
speech area allows you to sound out words; usually in only one cerebral hemisphere
Posterior Cortex
Cerebral areas involved in special senses (4)
Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Auditory area
Olfactory area
Outer layer of cerebrum;
Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
Gray matter
composed of fiber
tracts carrying
impulses to, from,
or within the cortex
Gray matter
example of white matter
corpus callosum
_____ connects
hemispheres. Such
fiber tracts are
called
____
corpus callosum; commissures
above
the structures of the brain stem and
allows the cerebral hemispheres to
communicate with one another
corpus callosum arches
____connect
areas within a hemisphere, and _____connect the
cerebrum with lower CNS centers,
such as the brain stem
Association fiber tracts;
projection fiber tracts
– internal
islands of gray matter
Basal nuclei
Regulates voluntary
motor activities by
modifying info sent to
the motor cortex
Basal nuclei
problems of basal nuclei
unable
to control muscles,
spastic, jerky
basal nuclei are involved in these diseases (2)
Huntington’s and
Parkinson’s
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Diencephalon is made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Surrounds the third ventricle;
The relay station for sensory impulses
Thalamus
Transfers impulses to the correct part of
the cortex for localization and interpretation
Thalamus
Under the thalamus;
Important autonomic nervous system
center
Hypothalamus
Helps regulate body temperature;
Controls water balance;
Regulates metabolism
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is An important part of the ____
(emotions).
limbic system
centers that are in the
hypothalamus (5)
thirst,
appetite,
sex,
pain, and pleasure
The ___gland is attached to the
hypothalamus
pituitary
____, reflex centers
involved in olfaction (the sense of smell), bulge
from the floor of the hypothalamus posterior to
the pituitary gland
mammillary bodies
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Epithalamus
epothalamus Houses the ___ and Includes the ___
pineal body; choroid plexus
– knots of
capillaries within each of the four ventricles
and along with the ependymal cells lining
the ventricles, form the cerebrospinal fluid.
choroid plexus
about the size of a thumb in diameter and
approximately 3 inches
* Provides a pathway for ascending and
descending tracts; has many small gray matter areas
Brain Stem
structures of brain stem (3)
midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly
Midbrain
Midbrain is nComposed of primarily of two bulging fiber tracts, the
___
cerebral peduncles
____, a tiny canal that travels through
the midbrain, connects the 3rd ventricle of the
diencephalon to the 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
___- four rounded protrusions
located dorsally that serves as the reflex centers
involved with vision and hearing
Corpora quadrigemina
The bulging center part of the brain stem;
mostly composed of fiber tracts
Pons
Includes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing
Pons
is the most inferior part of the brain stem.
* merges into the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
Includes important fiber tract area.
* Includes area where the important pyramidal tracts
(motor fibers) cross over to the opposite side.
Medulla Oblongata
centers that control heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, swallowing, and vomiting, among others
Medulla Oblongata
The _____ lies posterior to the pons and
medulla and anterior to the cerebellu
fourth ventricle
diffuse mass of gray matter that extends to the entire
length of the brain stem that involves in motor control of
the visceral organ
Reticular Formation
plays a role in consciousness and the
awake/sleep cycle
Reticular activating system (RAS)
also acts as a filter for the flood of sensory inputs
that streams up the spinal cord and brain stem
daily
Reticular activating system (RAS)
two hemispheres with convoluted surface that provides
the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and
controls our balance
Cerebellum
continuously comparing the brain’s “intentions” with
actual body performance by monitoring body position
and the amount of tension in various body parts.
Cerebellum
When needed, the ____sends messages to
initiate the appropriate corrective measures
cerebellum
Protection of the Central Nervous System (5)
Scalp and skin
Skull and vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier
parts of meninges (3)
Dura mater
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
Double-layered external covering; Folds inward in several areas
Dura mater
layers of dura mater (2)
periosteum
meningeal layer
___– attached to surface of the skull
___ – outer covering of the
brain
Periosteum;
Meningeal layer
Middle layer
Web-like
Arachnoid layer
Internal layer
Clings to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
A watery “broth” with components similar to blood plasma, from which it forms; contains less protein and more vitamin C, and its ion composition is
different.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
cerebrospinal fluid is formed by ____
choroid plexus
Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central
canal of the spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Includes the least permeable capillaries
of the body; Excludes many potentially harmful
substances
Blood Brain Barrier
Blood brain barrier is Useless against some substances (5)
Fats and fat soluble molecules
Respiratory gases
Alcohol
Nicotine
Anesthesia
Traumatic Brain Injuries (3)
Concussion
Contusion
Cerebral edema
Slight brain injury
No permanent brain damage
Concussion
Nervous tissue destruction occurs
Nervous tissue does not regenerate
Contusion
Swelling from the inflammatory response
May compress and kill brain tissue
Cerebral edema
Commonly called a stroke; result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from
that blood source dies; Loss of some functions or death may
result
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
examples of symptoms or conditions associated with a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Hemiplegia ;
Aphasias;
Brain lesions
- a one-sided paralysis
Hemiplegia
- damage to the left cerebral
hemisphere, where the language areas are
located.
Aphasias
____ - loss of the ability to speak
___-loses the ability to understand written or spoken language
Motor Aphasias;
sensory aphasia
___ can also cause marked changes in a person’s disposition
Brain lesions
