Muscular system Pt. 1

Question 1

Muscle Function (5)

Answer 1

-Produce Movement
-Maintain Posture and Body Position
-Stabilize Joints
-Generate Heat
-Additional Functions

Question 2

____ are packaged into organs called skeletal
muscles that attach to the skeleton.

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle fibers

Question 3

cover our bone and cartilage framework, they help form the
smooth contours of the body.

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle

Question 4

are large, cigarshaped, multinucleate
cells

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle fibers

Question 5

Skeletal muscle is also known as ___muscle and as
___muscle

Answer 5

striated; voluntary

Question 6

no striations and is
involuntary; found mainly in the walls of
hollow (tubelike) organs

Answer 6

Smooth Muscle

Question 7

______ are
spindle-shaped, uninucleate,
and surrounded by scant
endomysium and are
arranged in two layers
(___ and __)

Answer 7

Smooth muscle fibers;
circular and longitudinal

Question 8

is striated,
uninucleated and under involuntary control

Answer 8

cardiac muscle

Question 9

The cardiac cells are cushioned by
small amounts of ____and are
arranged in spiral or figure 8–shaped
bundles

Answer 9

endomysium;

Question 10

Cardiac muscle fibers are branching
cells joined by special gap junctions
called ___

Answer 10

intercalated disc

Question 11

attached to bones or for some facial muscles to skin

Answer 11

skeletal muscles

Question 12

single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells wwith very obvious striation

Answer 12

skeletal muscles

Question 13

walls of hollow organs (except heart); single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations

Answer 13

smooth muscle

Question 14

walls of the heart; branching chains of cellls; uninucleate, striations; intercalated discs

Answer 14

cardiac muscles

Question 15

are the structural and functional units of
skeletal muscle.

Answer 15

Sarcomeres

Question 16

___are the precise arrangement of even smaller
structures within sarcomeres – __ and ___

Answer 16

Myofilaments; Thick and Thin Myofibrils

Question 17

____interconnecting tubules and sacs
that is used for store calcium and to release it on demand
when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract

Answer 17

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Activity (4)

Answer 18

irritability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

Question 19

, also called responsiveness, which is the ability to
receive and respond to a stimulus.

Answer 19

Irritability

Question 20

, is the ability to forcibly shorten when
adequately stimulated.

Answer 20

Contractility

Question 21

is the ability of muscle fibers to stretch

Answer 21

Extensibility

Question 22

is their ability to recoil and resume their
resting length after being stretched

Answer 22

elasticity

Question 23

____ (nerve cell) may stimulate a few muscle
fibers or hundreds of them, depending on the particular
muscle and the work it does

Answer 23

One motor neuron

Question 24

A ___ consists of one neuron and all the skeletal
muscle fibers it stimulates

Answer 24

motor unit

Question 25

_____, contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter which stimulates skeletal muscle fibers is ____

Answer 25

Neuromuscular junctions; Acetylcholine or Ach

Question 26

states that a “muscle fiber will contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts.

Answer 26

Muscle Law

Question 27

the whole muscle reacts to stimuli with graded responses, or different degrees of shortening, which generate different amounts of force.

Answer 27

Muscle Law

Question 28

Graded Muscle Contraction is generated by: 2

Answer 28

(1) by changing the frequency of muscle stimulation (2) by changing the number of muscle fibers being stimulated at one time

Question 29

What fuels muscle contraction (3)

Answer 29

Direct phosphorylation Aerobic pathway Anaerobic pathway

Question 30

Types of Muscle Contraction (2)

Answer 30

Isotonic contractions Isometric contractions

Question 31

- the myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs.

Answer 31

Isotonic contractions

Question 32

Bending the knee, lifting weights, and smiling are all examples of ___

Answer 32

isotonic contractions.

Question 33

____ - the myosin filaments are “spinning their wheels,” and the tension in the muscle keeps increasing

Answer 33

Isometric contractions

Question 34

They are trying to slide, but the muscle is pitted against some more or less immovable object.

Answer 34

Isometric contractions

Question 35

For example, when you push the palms of your hands together in front of you, your arms and chest muscles are contracting ____

Answer 35

isometrically

Question 36

is the maintenance of partial contraction of a muscle, important for generating reflexes, maintaining posture and balance, and controlling proper function of other organ systems

Answer 36

Muscle tone

Question 37

(muscle) Tone is controlled by the ____, which measures muscle stretch.

Answer 37

sensory muscle spindle

Question 38

The continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, which helps maintain posture

Answer 38

(muscle) Tone

Question 39

results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue.

Answer 39

Aerobic exercise, or endurance exercise

Question 40

helps us reach a steady rate of ATP production and improves the efficiency of aerobic respiration.

Answer 40

Aerobic exercise

Question 41

___require very little time and little or no special equipment

Answer 41

Resistance exercises

Question 42

Some muscles are named in reference to some imaginary line, usually the ___ of the body or the ___ of a limb bone.

Answer 42

midline; long axis

Question 43

When a muscle’s name includes the term ____, its fibers or whole structure run parallel to that imaginary line.

Answer 43

rectus (straight)

Question 44

the term ___in a muscle’s name tells you that the muscle fibers run (at a slant) to the imaginary line

Answer 44

oblique

Question 45

largest= __ smallest= ___ long=___

Answer 45

maximus; minimus longus

Question 46

the ____is the largest muscle of the gluteus muscle group

Answer 46

gluteus maximus

Question 47

the ____muscle is roughly triangular (means “triangular”), like the Greek letter delta (Δ)

Answer 47

deltoid;

Question 48

Arrangement of the Fascicles (4)

Answer 48

Circular pattern Convergent muscle Parallel arrangement Pennate pattern

Question 49

Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings

Answer 49

Circular pattern

Question 50

____muscles are typically found surrounding external body openings which they close by contracting, creating a valve. A general term for such muscles is ___

Answer 50

Circular; sphincters (“squeezers”)

Question 51

example of circular pattern: _____surrounding the eyes and mouth

Answer 51

orbicularis muscles

Question 52

fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon

Answer 52

Convergent Muscle

Question 53

____ is triangular or fan-shaped, such as the ___muscle of the anterior thorax

Answer 53

convergent muscle; pectoralis major

Question 54

____, the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle, as in the ___ of the anterior thigh.

Answer 54

Parallel arrangement; sartorius

Question 55

These muscles are straplike

Answer 55

Parallel arrangement

Question 56

____, short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon

Answer 56

Pennate pattern

Question 57

In the _____ muscle of the leg, the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, and the muscle is ___

Answer 57

extensor digitorum; unipennate

Question 58

fascicles insert into opposite sides of the tendon, the muscle is ___

Answer 58

bipennate

Question 59

fascicles insert from several different sides, the muscle is ___

Answer 59

multipennate

Question 60

Types of Muscle Movement (6)

Answer 60

Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Circumduction

Question 61

movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together

Answer 61

Flexion

Question 62

___is typical of hinge joints (bending the knee or elbow), but it is also common at ball-and-socket joints (for example, bending forward at the hip).

Answer 62

Flexion

Question 63

___is the opposite of flexion, so it is a movement that increases the angle, or distance, between two bones or parts of the body (straightening the knee or elbow)

Answer 63

Extension

Question 64

___is movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

Answer 64

Rotation

Question 65

____is a common movement of ball-and-socket joints and describes the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis.

Answer 65

Rotation

Question 66

___is moving a limb away (generally in the frontal plane) from the midline, or median plane, of the.

Answer 66

Abduction

Question 67

The terminology also applies to the fanning movement of your fingers or toes when they are spread apart

Answer 67

Abduction

Question 68

___is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline

Answer 68

Adduction

Question 69

Think of ___as “adding” a body part by bringing it closer to the trunk

Answer 69

adduction

Question 70

___is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder

Answer 70

Circumduction

Question 71

The proximal end of the limb is stationary, and its distal end moves in a circle

Answer 71

Circumduction

Question 72

special movements (7)

Answer 72

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion; Inversion and Eversion; Supination and Pronation; Opposition;

Question 73

Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin (pointing your toe toward your head) is ___, whereas pointing the toes away from your head is ____.

Answer 73

dorsiflexion; plantar flexion

Question 74

____of the foot corresponds to extension and hyperextension of the hand at the wrist, whereas ___ of the foot corresponds to flexion of the hand.

Answer 74

Dorsiflexion; plantar flexion

Question 75

To ___the foot, turn the sole medially, as if you were looking at the bottom of your foot. To ___the foot, turn the sole laterally.

Answer 75

invert; evert

Question 76

___“turning backward” and ___“turning forward” refer to movements of the radius around the ulna

Answer 76

supination; pronation

Question 77

____occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (or up) and the radius and ulna are parallel, as in anatomical position

Answer 77

Supination

Question 78

____occurs when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (or down).

Answer 78

Pronation

Question 79

___brings the radius across the ulna so that the two bones form an X

Answer 79

Pronation

Question 80

___= radius rotates over ulna ___= radius and ulna are parallel

Answer 80

Pronation Supination