Skeletal system Pt. 1 Flashcards
Parts of the skeletal system (4)
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
bone to bone= ____
bone to muscle= ____
bone to bone= ligaments
bone to muscle= tendon
Two divisions of skeletal system
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton: (3)
Appendicular skeleton: (4)
Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage;
Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
Functions of Bones (5)
- Support of the body
- Protection of soft organs
- Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
- Storage of minerals and fats
- Blood cell formation
The adult skeleton has ___ bones
206
Two basic types of bone tissue
compact bone
spongy bone
____= homogenous
____= small needle-like; open spaces
compact bone
spongy bone
Classification of Bones (4)
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
-Typically longer than wide
-Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Long bones
bone that is generally cube-shape
short bones
Contain mostly compact bone= ___
Contain mostly spongy bone=___
compact bone= long bones
spongy bones= short bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Flat bones
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
flat bones
irregular shape; Do not fit into other bone classification categories
irregular bones
Examples of:
Long bones-2
Short bones-2
Flat bones-3
Irregular bones-2
Long bones- Femur, humerus
Short bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat bones- Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones- vertebrae; hip
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone (2)
Diaphysis;
Epiphysis
Anatomy of Long bone:
-Shaft (middle)
-Composed of
compact bone
Diaphysis
Anatomy of Long bone:
-Ends of the bone
- Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Epiphysis
Structures of a Long Bone (5)
-Periosteum
-Sharpey’s fibers
-Arteries
-Articular cartilage
-Medullary cavity
-Outside covering of
the diaphysis;
-Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
Periosteum
Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
Sharpey’s fibers
Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Arteries
Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Articular cartilage:
-Made of ____
-Decreases ___at
joint surfaces
hyaline cartilage;
friction
Cavity of the shaft;
contains marrow
Medullary cavity
Medullary cavity:
yellow marrow=
red marrow=
yellow marrow= adults
red marrow= infants
-Surface features of bones
-Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
-Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Bone Markings
Categories of bone markings (2)
Projections and processes;
Depressions or cavities
Categories of bone markings:
____– grow out from the
bone surface
_____– indentations
Projections and processes ;
Depressions or cavities
Name of bone marking (Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment): 8
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened
Tuberosity
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
Very large, blunt, irregular shapes process (the only examples are on the femur)
Trochanter
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
Any bony prominence
Process
Name of bone marking (Projections that help to form joints): 4
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
arm-like bar of bone
ramus
Name of bone marking (Depressions and openings): 8
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa
Narrow, slit-like opening
Fissure
Round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
canal or tunnel-like passageway
meatus
cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
sinus
shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily ____
hyaline cartilage
Cartilage remains in isolated areas: (3)
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
allow for growth of
long bone during childhood
Epiphyseal plates
____are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called ____
Osteocytes; lacunae
The lacunae are arranged in concentric
circles called ____ around central canals (also called ____)
lamellae; Haversian canals
Each complex consisting of a central canal
and matrix rings is called an ____ or____, and is the structural and
functional unit of compact bone
osteon, or
Haversian system
The ___ form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the ____
canaliculi; hard bone matrix
_____ are channels that
assist with blood and nerve supply from the ____ to the ____
Volkmann’s canals; periosteum; Haversian canal
_____ is the formation of new bone,
which begins as an embryo and continues until
early adulthood. It can occur in two ways;
through ____ or _____
ossification
Bone ossification;
intramembranous or endochondral
____in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis as cells called
____ in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the
medullary cavity
Osteoblasts;
osteoclasts
process by which bones increase in
diameter is called ____, and like growth in length, is controlled by hormones.
appositional growth
most important hormones are ____ and, during puberty, the ____
growth hormone; sex hormones.
Types of Bone Cells (3)
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
Osteoclasts
process of skeletal change is known as_____, which both protects the structural
integrity of the skeletal system and metabolically
contributes to the body’s balance of calcium and
phosphorus.
bone remodeling
Bone remodeling state (6)
resting state
resorption
reversal
formation
mineralization
resting state
Types of bone fractures
closed (simple) fracture
open (compound) fracture
Bone fractures are treated by ___ and ___
reduction
and immobilization
Common Types of Fractures (6)
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
Bone breaks into many fragments; common in the aged
Comminuted
Bone is crushed; common in porous bones
Compression
Broken bone portion is pressed inward; skull fracture
Depressed
Broken bone ends are forced into each other; when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
impacted
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common sports fracture
Spiral
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults; common in children
greenstick
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture (4)
1.Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling
