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AnaPhy (Midterms) > Skeletal system Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Skeletal system Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the skeletal system (4)

A

Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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2
Q

bone to bone= ____
bone to muscle= ____

A

bone to bone= ligaments
bone to muscle= tendon

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3
Q

Two divisions of skeletal system

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Axial skeleton: (3)
Appendicular skeleton: (4)

A

Axial skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage;
Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip

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5
Q

Functions of Bones (5)

A
  • Support of the body
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
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6
Q

The adult skeleton has ___ bones

A

206

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7
Q

Two basic types of bone tissue

A

compact bone
spongy bone

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8
Q

____= homogenous
____= small needle-like; open spaces

A

compact bone
spongy bone

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9
Q

Classification of Bones (4)

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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10
Q

-Typically longer than wide
-Have a shaft with heads at both ends

A

Long bones

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11
Q

bone that is generally cube-shape

A

short bones

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12
Q

Contain mostly compact bone= ___
Contain mostly spongy bone=___

A

compact bone= long bones
spongy bones= short bones

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13
Q

Thin and flattened
Usually curved

A

Flat bones

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14
Q

Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone

A

flat bones

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15
Q

irregular shape; Do not fit into other bone classification categories

A

irregular bones

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16
Q

Examples of:
Long bones-2
Short bones-2
Flat bones-3
Irregular bones-2

A

Long bones- Femur, humerus
Short bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat bones- Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones- vertebrae; hip

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17
Q

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone (2)

A

Diaphysis;
Epiphysis

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18
Q

Anatomy of Long bone:

-Shaft (middle)
-Composed of
compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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19
Q

Anatomy of Long bone:

-Ends of the bone
- Composed mostly of
spongy bone

A

Epiphysis

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20
Q

Structures of a Long Bone (5)

A

-Periosteum
-Sharpey’s fibers
-Arteries
-Articular cartilage
-Medullary cavity

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21
Q

-Outside covering of
the diaphysis;
-Fibrous connective
tissue membrane

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

Secure periosteum to
underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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23
Q

Supply bone cells
with nutrients

A

Arteries

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24
Q

Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses

A

Articular cartilage

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25
Q

Articular cartilage:

-Made of ____
-Decreases ___at
joint surfaces

A

hyaline cartilage;
friction

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26
Q

 Cavity of the shaft;
contains marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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27
Q

Medullary cavity:

yellow marrow=
red marrow=

A

yellow marrow= adults
red marrow= infants

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28
Q

-Surface features of bones
-Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
-Passages for nerves and blood vessels

A

Bone Markings

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29
Q

Categories of bone markings (2)

A

Projections and processes;
Depressions or cavities

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30
Q

Categories of bone markings:
____– grow out from the
bone surface
_____– indentations

A

Projections and processes ;
Depressions or cavities

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31
Q

Name of bone marking (Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment): 8

A

Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process

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32
Q

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

A

Tuberosity

33
Q

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

A

Crest

34
Q

Very large, blunt, irregular shapes process (the only examples are on the femur)

A

Trochanter

35
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

A

Line

36
Q

small, rounded projection or process

A

Tubercle

37
Q

Raised area on or above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

38
Q

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

A

Spine

39
Q

Any bony prominence

A

Process

40
Q

Name of bone marking (Projections that help to form joints): 4

A

Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus

41
Q

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

42
Q

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

Facet

43
Q

Rounded articular projection

A

Condyle

44
Q

arm-like bar of bone

A

ramus

45
Q

Name of bone marking (Depressions and openings): 8

A

Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch
Meatus
Sinus
Fossa

46
Q

Narrow, slit-like opening

A

Fissure

47
Q

Round or oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

48
Q

Indentation at the edge of a structure

A

Notch

49
Q

canal or tunnel-like passageway

A

meatus

50
Q

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

A

sinus

51
Q

shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

A

Fossa

52
Q

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily ____

A

hyaline cartilage

53
Q

Cartilage remains in isolated areas: (3)

A

Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints

54
Q

allow for growth of
long bone during childhood

A

Epiphyseal plates

55
Q

____are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called ____

A

Osteocytes; lacunae

56
Q

The lacunae are arranged in concentric
circles called ____ around central canals (also called ____)

A

lamellae; Haversian canals

57
Q

Each complex consisting of a central canal
and matrix rings is called an ____ or____, and is the structural and
functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon, or
Haversian system

58
Q

The ___ form a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the ____

A

canaliculi; hard bone matrix

59
Q

_____ are channels that
assist with blood and nerve supply from the ____ to the ____

A

Volkmann’s canals; periosteum; Haversian canal

60
Q

_____ is the formation of new bone,
which begins as an embryo and continues until
early adulthood. It can occur in two ways;
through ____ or _____
ossification

A

Bone ossification;
intramembranous or endochondral

61
Q

____in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis as cells called
____ in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall, enlarging the
medullary cavity

A

Osteoblasts;
osteoclasts

62
Q

process by which bones increase in
diameter is called ____, and like growth in length, is controlled by hormones.

A

appositional growth

63
Q

most important hormones are ____ and, during puberty, the ____

A

growth hormone; sex hormones.

64
Q

Types of Bone Cells (3)

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

65
Q

 Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

66
Q

 Bone-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

67
Q

 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium

A

Osteoclasts

68
Q

process of skeletal change is known as_____, which both protects the structural
integrity of the skeletal system and metabolically
contributes to the body’s balance of calcium and
phosphorus.

A

bone remodeling

69
Q

Bone remodeling state (6)

A

resting state
resorption
reversal
formation
mineralization
resting state

70
Q

Types of bone fractures

A

closed (simple) fracture
open (compound) fracture

71
Q

Bone fractures are treated by ___ and ___

A

reduction
and immobilization

72
Q

Common Types of Fractures (6)

A

Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick

73
Q

Bone breaks into many fragments; common in the aged

A

Comminuted

74
Q

Bone is crushed; common in porous bones

A

Compression

75
Q

Broken bone portion is pressed inward; skull fracture

A

Depressed

76
Q

Broken bone ends are forced into each other; when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms

A

impacted

77
Q

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common sports fracture

A

Spiral

78
Q

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults; common in children

A

greenstick

79
Q

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture (4)

A

1.Hematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilage callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling

AnaPhy (Midterms) (11 decks)

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