Chapter 1 Flashcards
– refers to the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another.
anatomy
two categories/classification/kind of anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye. Structures such as muscles, bones, digestive organs, or skin can be examined, historically, by means of cadaveric dissections
Gross anatomy
is the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy
– refers to the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology are always ___. The parts of your body form a ____ unit, and each has a job to make the body operate as a ___. ___ determines what functions can take place
inseparable;
well-organized;
whole;
Structure
Levels of Structural Organization (6)
Chemical level
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
Human Organs System (11)
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reprodcutive (Male and Female)
___ system
Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes _____; location of ____ receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands,
Integumentary;
vitamin D;
sensory
____ System
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; ____ cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
Skeletal;
blood;
____ System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces ___.
Muscular;
heat
Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to interal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Nervous system
___ System
Glands secrete ___ that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.
Endocrine;
hormones
____ System
___ transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the ___ pumps blood.
Cardiovascular;
Blood vessels;
heart
___ System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to ___; disposes of debris in the ____; houses ____ cells involved in immunity.
Lymphatic;
blood;
lymphatic stream;
white blood
____ System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with ___ and removes ___; gas exchange occurs through the walls of the ___ of the lungs
Respiratory;
oxygen;
carbon dioxide;
air sacs
___ System
Breaks food down into ____ that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestiblę foodstuffs are eliminated as __.
Digestive;
absorbable nutrients;
feces
__ System
Eliminates ___-containing wastes from the body; regulates ____,____, and ___ of the blood.
Urinary;
nitrogen;
water, electrolyte, acid-base balance
___ system
Overall function of the this system is production of offspring. __ produce sperm and male sex hormone; __ and ___ aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. ___ produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. ____ of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborr
Reproductive (male and female);
Testes;
ducts and glands;
Ovaries;
Mammary glands
Life Maintenance and Function (8)
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Resposiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
___ includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers
The ___ system provides the bones that the muscles pull on as they work
Movement;
skeletal
___, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them.
Responsiveness, or irritability
__ is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood.
Digestion
refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells.
Metabolism
Metabolism…
depends on the ___ and __ systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the ___ system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body.
• Metabolism is regulated chiefly by ___ secreted by the glands of the ___ system.
digestive and respiratory;
cardiovascular;
hormones;
endocrine
___, the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level.
Reproduction
Which among the life maintenance and functions involves hormones? (3)
Metabolism
Reproduction
Growth
___ can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
Growth
For growth to occur, ___ activities must occur at a faster rate than ____ ones.
cell-constructing;
cell-destroying
Survival Needs (5)
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Normal Body Temperature
• Atmospheric Pressure
refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing ___ and facing
___ with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing ___. The legs are __, with feet __ on the floor and facing forward.
Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position,;
upright;
forward;
forward;
parallel;
flat;
describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body
Directional Terms
___ = Lateral
Superior = __
Anterior = ___
__ = Distal
___ = Deep
___ = Bilateral
Ipsilateral = ___
Medial;
Inferior;
Posterior;
Proximal;
Superficial;
Unilateral;
Contralateral
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Superior (cranial or cephalic)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Medial
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Lateral
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trun
Proximal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Deep (internal)
• ___: anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
• ___: point of shoulder
• ___: forearm
• ___: anterior surface of elbow
• ___: armpit
• ___: arm
• ___: cheek area
• ___: wrist
• ___: neck region
Abdominal;
Acromial;
Antebrachial;
Antecubital;
Axillary;
Brachial;
Buccal;
Carpal;
Cervical
• ___: hip
• ___: anterior leg; the shin
• ___: the curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
• ___: fingers, toes
• ___: thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)
• ___: lateral part of leg
• ___: forehead
• ___: area where thigh meets
• ___ groin
Coxal;
Crural;
Deltoid;
Digital;
Femoral;
Fibular;
Frontal;
Inguinal;
Body trunk;
•___: chin
• ___: nose area
• ___: mouth
• ___: eye area
• ___: anterior knee
• ___: relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest
• ___ : area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• ___: genital region
• ___: breastbone area
Mental;
Nasal;
Oral;
Orbital;
Patellar;
Pectoral;
Pelvic;
Pubic;
Sternal
• ___: ankle region
• ___: area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest
• ___: navel
Tarsal;
Thoracic;
Umbilical
• ___: heel of foot
• ___: head
• ___: buttock
• ___: area of the back between ribs and hips; the loin
• ___: posterior surface of head or base of skull
• ___: posterior surface of elbow
Calcaneal;
Cephalic;
Gluteal;
Lumbar;
Occipital;
Olecranal
• ___: posterior knee area
• ____: area between hips at base of spine
• ____: shoulder blade region
• ____: the posterior surface of leg; the calf
• ____: area of spinal column
The ___ region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the inferior body surface
Popliteal;
Sacral;
Scapular;
Sural;
Vertebral;
plantar
Types of Body Planes (3)
Sagittal plane (median, wheel)
Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane
Transverse (horizontal, table) plane
• — this vertical (top to bottom) plane divides the body into left and right sides; a plane that divides the body down the middle into equal left and right sides is the ___ Plane.
Sagittal plane (median, wheel);
Median Sagittal
— a vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)
• Coronal (vertical, frontal, door) plane
— this horizontal plane is parallel to the ground and divides the body into up (toward the head) and down (toward the feet)
• Transverse (horizontal, table) plane
• A ___ is any fluid-filled space in a multicellular organism. However, the term usually refers to the space where internal organs develop, located between the skin and the outer lining of the gut cavity.
body cavity
”The human body cavity,” normally refers to the ___ cavity because it is by far the largest one in volume.
ventral body
Divisions of Body Cavity (6)
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Four Quadrant Division of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Right Upper Quadrants
• Right Lower Quadrants
• Left Upper Quadrants
• Left Lower Quadrants
Nine Quadrant Division of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
umbilical region
epigastric region
hypogastric (pubic) region
right iliac (inguinal) region; left iliac (inguinal) region
right lumbar region; left lumbar region
right hypochondriac region; left hypochondriac region
• The _____ is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).
umbilical region
The ____ is located superior to the umbilical region (___ = upon, above; ___ = stomach).
epigastric region; epi; gastric
The ____ region is inferior to the umbilical region (____ = below).
hypogastric (pubic); hypo
The ____ and ____ region are lateral to the hypogastric region (____ = superior part of the hip bone).
right iliac (inguinal) region and left iliac (inguinal);
iliac
The ___ and ___ region lie lateral to the umbilical region (___ = loins) and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones;
right lumbar region and left lumbar;
lumbus
The right hypochondriac region and left hypochondriac region are ___ to the epigastric region and contain the ___ (___ = cartilage).
lateral;
lower ribs;
chondro
contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the digestive organs, which open to the exterior at the anus.
Oral cavity and digestive cavity
Located within and posterior to the nose; is part of the respiratory system.
Nasal cavity.
The ____ in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position.
orbital cavities (orbits)
The ____ carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
middle ear cavities
describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeostasis
Components of Homeostatic Control System (3)
Receptor
Control center
Effector
The ____ is a type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. It responds to such changes, called ____, by sending information (input) to the second component, the _____. Information flows along the ___ pathway.
receptor;
stimuli;
control center;
afferent
The ____ determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained. This component analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action
control center
The ____, provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows along the ___ pathway.
effector;
efferent
A ____ is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.
feedback mechanism
____ serves to reduce an excessive response and keep a variable within the normal range.
Negative feedback
___ serves to intensify a response until an endpoint is reached.
Positive feedback
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___ feedback mechanisms
negative
