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AnaPhy (Midterms) > Nervous System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Overlapping Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Monitors stimuli and the gathered information (sensory input)
  2. It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides response—a process (integration)
  3. It then causes a response, or effect, by activating
    muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output
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2
Q

Structural Classification of Nervous sysytem: 2

A

Central nervous
system (CNS);
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

Central nervous
system (CNS) consists of
the __ and ___,

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Act as the integrating and
command centers of the
nervous system

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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5
Q

They interpret incoming
sensory information and
issue instructions based on
past experience and current
conditions

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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6
Q

The___includes all parts of the nervous
system; consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord and
brain.

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

carry impulses to and from the brain. These nerves
serve as communication lines

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

Functional Classification of Nervous System

A

-sensory division, or afferent division
-motor division, or efferent division

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10
Q

The ___, consists of nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory division, or afferent division

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11
Q

sensory division, or afferent division (2)

A

Somatic Sensory Fibers
Visceral Sensory Fibers

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12
Q
  • delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
A

Somatic Sensory Fibers

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13
Q
  • transmitting impulses from the visceral organs
A

Visceral Sensory Fibers

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14
Q

The _____, carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs.

A

motor division, or efferent division

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15
Q

motor division, or efferent division (2)

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

allows us to voluntarily movement

A

Somatic nervous system

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17
Q

regulates events that are
involuntary movement.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

two parts of Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

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19
Q

Support Cells: ___

A

Neuroglia

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20
Q

Neuroglial cells (4)

A

astrocyte
ependyma
microglia
Oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of neural tissue
* brace and anchor neurons to their nutrient supply lines

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

forms a living barrier between capillaries and neurons, helps
determine capillary permeability, and plays a role in making
exchanges between the two; helps to control the chemical environment in the brain

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

spiderlike phagocytes; monitor the health of nearby
neurons and dispose of debris

A

Microglia

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24
Q

line the central cavities of the brain
and the spinal cord

A

Ependymal Cells

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25
Q

participate in the production of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and
forms a protective watery cushion around the CNS.

A

Ependymal Cells

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26
Q

_____- Neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions (processes) tightly
around CNS nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating
coverings called ____

A

Oligodendrocytes; myelin sheaths

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27
Q

Supporting cells in the PNS come in two major varieties

A

Schwann cells;
Satellite cells

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28
Q

form the myelin sheaths around nerve
fibers in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

act as protective, cushioning cells for
peripheral neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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30
Q

= nerve cells

A

Neurons

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31
Q

Cells specialized to transmit messages

A

Neurons

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32
Q

Major regions of neurons (2)

A

Cell body
Processes

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33
Q

– nucleus and metabolic center
of the cell

A

Cell body

34
Q

– fibers that extend from the
cell body (dendrites and axons)

A

Processes

35
Q

Cell body (2)

A

 Nucleus
 Large
nucleolus

36
Q

Extensions
outside the cell
body (2)

A

dendrites
axons

37
Q

conduct
impulses toward
the cell body

A

Dendrites

38
Q

– conduct
impulses away
from the cell
body

A

Axons

39
Q

Axons end in ___; contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

A

axonal terminals

40
Q

gap between adjacent
neurons

A

Synaptic cleft –

41
Q

– junction between nerves

A

Synapse

42
Q

– produce
myelin sheaths in jelly-roll
like fashion

A

Schwann cells

43
Q

– gaps
in myelin sheath along
the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

44
Q

Protects and insulates the
fibers and increases the
speed of nerve impulse
transmission

A

Myelin Sheaths

45
Q

Neuron cell body are found mostly in the

A

central nervous
system

46
Q

– cell bodies and unmylenated
fibers

A

Gray matter

47
Q

 – clusters of cell bodies within the
white matter of the central nervous system

A

Nuclei

48
Q

– collections of cell bodies
outside the central nervous system

A

Ganglia

49
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons (3)

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neurons
Interneurons (association neurons)

50
Q

 Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
 Cutaneous sense organs

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

51
Q

– detect stretch or tension

A

Proprioceptors

52
Q

 Carry impulses from the central nervous system

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

53
Q

 Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system
 Connect sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

54
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons (3)

A

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons

55
Q

– many extensions
from the cell body

A

Multipolar neurons

56
Q

–
one axon and one
dendrite

A

Bipolar neurons

57
Q

–
have a short single
process leaving the
cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

58
Q

How Neurons Function (2)

A

Irritability (respond to stimuli)
Conductivity (transmit an
impulse)

59
Q

plasma membrane at rest is ___; Fewer positive ions are __the cell than
___the cell

A

polarized;
inside; outside

60
Q

– a
stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane

A

Depolarization

61
Q

A deploarized
membrane allows __
to flow
inside the membrane

A

sodium (Na+)

62
Q

The exchange of ions
initiates an ___ in the neuron

A

action potential

63
Q

Action potential:

___ions rush out of the neuron
after ___ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane
 The ____ restores
the original configuration

A

Potassium ; sodium;
sodium-potassium pump

64
Q

Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a ___

A

myelin
sheath

65
Q

____is released from a nerve’s axon terminal

The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the
___
An action potential is started in the ____

A

Neurotransmitter ; neurotransmitter;
dendrite

66
Q

– rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to stimuli

A

Reflex

67
Q

– direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

A

Reflex arc

68
Q

Types of Reflexes and Regulation (4)

A

Autonomic reflexes;
Somatic reflexes;
flexor/withdrawal, reflex;
Spinal Reflexes

69
Q

Autonomic reflexes regulation (4)

A

Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation

70
Q

Activation of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflexes

71
Q

The __ is a three-neuro reflex
arc in which the limb is withdrawn from painful stimulus

A

flexor, or withdrawal, reflex

72
Q

A three-neuron reflex arc also consists of five elements—

A

receptor,
sensory neuron, interneuron,
motor neuron,
effector.

73
Q

involve only spinal cord neurons and occur
without brain involvement.

A

Spinal Reflexes

74
Q

As long as the spinal cord is functional, spinal
reflexes, such as the __, will work.

A

flexor reflex

75
Q

develops from the embryonic neural tube

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

76
Q

in CNS ___becomes the brain and
spinal cord

A

neural tube

77
Q

The opening of the neural tube becomes
the ___
Four chambers within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

ventricles

78
Q

Regions of the Brain (4)

A

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum);
Diencephalon;
 Brain stem;
 Cerebellum

79
Q

Paired (left and right)
superior parts of the brain
 Include more than half of
the brain mass

A

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

80
Q

The surface of cerebrum
is made of
ridges (__)
and grooves
(___)

A

gyri; sulci

81
Q

___(deep grooves) divide the
cerebrum into lobes

A

Fissures

82
Q

Surface lobes of the cerebrum (4)

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

AnaPhy (Midterms) (11 decks)

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