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AnaPhy (Midterms) > Nervous System Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Pt. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Overlapping Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Monitors stimuli and the gathered information (sensory input)
  2. It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides response—a process (integration)
  3. It then causes a response, or effect, by activating
    muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output
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2
Q

Structural Classification of Nervous sysytem: 2

A

Central nervous
system (CNS);
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

Central nervous
system (CNS) consists of
the __ and ___,

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Act as the integrating and
command centers of the
nervous system

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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5
Q

They interpret incoming
sensory information and
issue instructions based on
past experience and current
conditions

A

Central nervous
system (CNS)

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6
Q

The___includes all parts of the nervous
system; consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord and
brain.

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

carry impulses to and from the brain. These nerves
serve as communication lines

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

Functional Classification of Nervous System

A

-sensory division, or afferent division
-motor division, or efferent division

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10
Q

The ___, consists of nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory division, or afferent division

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11
Q

sensory division, or afferent division (2)

A

Somatic Sensory Fibers
Visceral Sensory Fibers

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12
Q
  • delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
A

Somatic Sensory Fibers

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13
Q
  • transmitting impulses from the visceral organs
A

Visceral Sensory Fibers

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14
Q

The _____, carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs.

A

motor division, or efferent division

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15
Q

motor division, or efferent division (2)

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

allows us to voluntarily movement

A

Somatic nervous system

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17
Q

regulates events that are
involuntary movement.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

two parts of Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

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19
Q

Support Cells: ___

A

Neuroglia

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20
Q

Neuroglial cells (4)

A

astrocyte
ependyma
microglia
Oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of neural tissue
* brace and anchor neurons to their nutrient supply lines

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

forms a living barrier between capillaries and neurons, helps
determine capillary permeability, and plays a role in making
exchanges between the two; helps to control the chemical environment in the brain

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

spiderlike phagocytes; monitor the health of nearby
neurons and dispose of debris

A

Microglia

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24
Q

line the central cavities of the brain
and the spinal cord

A

Ependymal Cells

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25
participate in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and forms a protective watery cushion around the CNS.
Ependymal Cells
26
_____- Neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions (processes) tightly around CNS nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called ____
Oligodendrocytes; myelin sheaths
27
Supporting cells in the PNS come in two major varieties
Schwann cells; Satellite cells
28
form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
Schwann cells
29
act as protective, cushioning cells for peripheral neuron cell bodies
Satellite cells
30
= nerve cells
Neurons
31
Cells specialized to transmit messages
Neurons
32
Major regions of neurons (2)
Cell body Processes
33
– nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
Cell body
34
– fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)
Processes
35
Cell body (2)
 Nucleus  Large nucleolus
36
Extensions outside the cell body (2)
dendrites axons
37
conduct impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
38
– conduct impulses away from the cell body
Axons
39
Axons end in ___; contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
axonal terminals
40
gap between adjacent neurons
Synaptic cleft –
41
– junction between nerves
Synapse
42
– produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion
Schwann cells
43
– gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
44
Protects and insulates the fibers and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission
Myelin Sheaths
45
Neuron cell body are found mostly in the
central nervous system
46
– cell bodies and unmylenated fibers
Gray matter
47
 – clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system
Nuclei
48
– collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
Ganglia
49
Functional Classification of Neurons (3)
Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neurons Interneurons (association neurons)
50
 Carry impulses from the sensory receptors  Cutaneous sense organs
Sensory (afferent) neurons
51
– detect stretch or tension
Proprioceptors
52
 Carry impulses from the central nervous system
Motor (efferent) neurons
53
 Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system  Connect sensory and motor neurons
Interneurons (association neurons)
54
Structural Classification of Neurons (3)
Multipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Unipolar neurons
55
– many extensions from the cell body
Multipolar neurons
56
– one axon and one dendrite
Bipolar neurons
57
– have a short single process leaving the cell body
Unipolar neurons
58
How Neurons Function (2)
Irritability (respond to stimuli) Conductivity (transmit an impulse)
59
plasma membrane at rest is ___; Fewer positive ions are __the cell than ___the cell
polarized; inside; outside
60
– a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane
Depolarization
61
A deploarized membrane allows __ to flow inside the membrane
sodium (Na+)
62
The exchange of ions initiates an ___ in the neuron
action potential
63
Action potential: ___ions rush out of the neuron after ___ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane  The ____ restores the original configuration
Potassium ; sodium; sodium-potassium pump
64
Impulses travel faster when fibers have a ___
myelin sheath
65
____is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the ___ An action potential is started in the ____
Neurotransmitter ; neurotransmitter; dendrite
66
– rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflex
67
– direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
Reflex arc
68
Types of Reflexes and Regulation (4)
Autonomic reflexes; Somatic reflexes; flexor/withdrawal, reflex; Spinal Reflexes
69
Autonomic reflexes regulation (4)
Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation
70
Activation of skeletal muscles
Somatic reflexes
71
The __ is a three-neuro reflex arc in which the limb is withdrawn from painful stimulus
flexor, or withdrawal, reflex
72
A three-neuron reflex arc also consists of five elements—
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.
73
involve only spinal cord neurons and occur without brain involvement.
Spinal Reflexes
74
As long as the spinal cord is functional, spinal reflexes, such as the __, will work.
flexor reflex
75
develops from the embryonic neural tube
Central Nervous System (CNS)
76
in CNS ___becomes the brain and spinal cord
neural tube
77
The opening of the neural tube becomes the ___ Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
78
Regions of the Brain (4)
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum); Diencephalon;  Brain stem;  Cerebellum
79
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain  Include more than half of the brain mass
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
80
The surface of cerebrum is made of ridges (__) and grooves (___)
gyri; sulci
81
___(deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
Fissures
82
Surface lobes of the cerebrum (4)
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

AnaPhy (Midterms) (11 decks)

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