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Animal Body 1 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 zones of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcuticular/hypodermis

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2
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A 
environmental barrier
temperature regulation
immunological
mechanical support
neurosensory
metabolic/endocrine
glandular secretion
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3
Q

What are the main features of epidermis?

A

stratified squamous cells

not vascularized

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4
Q

List the layers of epidermis from most internal to external.

A 
basement membrane
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
(stratum lucidum)
stratum corneum
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5
Q

Describe the main characteristics of the stratum basal

A

columnar/cuboidal stem cells

migrate outwards & keratinize

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6
Q

What are the main general characteristics of cells within the stratum spinosum?

A

polyhedral

connected via desmosomes

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7
Q

What are the main characteristics of cells in the stratum granulosum?

A

flattened

keratohyalin & lamelar granules

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8
Q

Describe the general characteristics of the stratum lucidum.

A

not everywhere
thin & translucent
no nuclear detail

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9
Q

Describe the stratum corneum.

A

variable # of dead keratinized cells

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10
Q

Describe the keratinization process

A 
keratinocytes increase in size
synthesize granules 
nuclei disintegrate
lamellar granules release lipids to extracellular spaces
cells flatten
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11
Q

What are langerhans cells? What is their main function? Where are they located?

A

antigen presenting cells
stratum spinosum
move to dermis for immune function

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12
Q

Describe the basic characteristics & function of melanocytes.

A

pigmented melanosome granules
stratum basal
melanosomes migrate & are phagocytosed by adjacent keratinocytes

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13
Q

Describe the main characteristics of merkel cells.

A

stratum basal
vacuolated cytoplasm on dermal side
mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

How does the basement membrane function?

A

stratum basal attached to BM by hemidesmosomes

structural integrity of skin

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15
Q

List some inclusions within the dermis.

A 
lymphatics
blood vessels
nerves
adnexae (epidermal inclusions within dermis)
collagen bundles
inflammatory cells
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16
Q

Describe the structure and inclusions of the hypodermis.

A

adiposites
anchors dermis to muscle
less collagen, more BV

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17
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

adhesion between dermis & epidermis

nourishment of epidermis

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18
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

papillary dermis

reticular dermis

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19
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

mechanoreceptors in hairless skin

20
Q

List the 3 main components of hair.

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

21
Q

Where are the hair follicles?

A

in dermis, sometimes hypodermis

22
Q

What are some hair related inclusions in the dermis?

A

inner root sheath
external root sheath
dermal papilla
hair matrix

23
Q

Describe the hair cycle

A

anagen - mitotically active follicle
catagen - follicle migrates up & becomes column of cells
telogen - resting, no growth, base @ sebaceous canal

24
Q

What is the function of a primary hair follicle?

A

produce guard hair

25
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary hair follicles?

A

closer to skin
no sweat gland
underhairs

26
Q

Simple hair follicles have ___.

A

one hair

27
Q

Compound hair follicles have ___.

A

multiple hairs

multiple follicles fused @ sebaceous gland

28
Q

Cat skin has what types of follicles?

A

simple & groups of compound

29
Q

Sheep have ___ hair follicles

A

simple (hair)

compound (wool)

30
Q

Equine & bovine hair follicles can be described as __.

A

single & evenly distributed

31
Q

Pigs have ____ hair follicles

A

single clustered

32
Q

What are sinus hairs?

A

whiskers
surrounded by blood-filled sinus with muscle attached to sheath
lots of nerve bundles associated with sheath

33
Q

Function of sinus hairs

A

perception of touch

voluntary control

34
Q

What are the 2 types of skin glands?

A

sebaceous

sweat

35
Q

Sebaceous cells look like

A

large

foamy

36
Q

Sweat gland looks like

A

simple cuboidal

“empty” cavity in middle

37
Q

Sebum functions as ___.

A

antibacterial

waterproofing

38
Q

What is the method of excretion for sebaceous glands?

A

holocrine

39
Q

What is the excretion method of sweat glands?

A

merocrine

apocrine

40
Q

Describe the structure of apocrine sweat glands.

A

coiled secretory & straight duct
evenly distributed
cuboidal & columnar

41
Q

Describe the excretion method and location of merocrine sweat glands

A

specialized areas (footpads/frog)
open directly onto skin
simple cuboidal, associated with myoepithelial

42
Q

What are Meibomian glands?

A

eyelid

with duct opening directly to eye

43
Q

What and where are Ciliary glands?

A

apocrine sweat glands

open to eyelash follicles

44
Q

Epithelium in nose?

A

thick stratified squamous
deep grooves (not in cattle)
no hair follicles

45
Q

Describe claws

A

continuous with epidermis
hard keratin sheath
soft dermis with blood supply

Animal Body 1 (20 decks)

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