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Animal Body 1 > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the horse foot?

A

bones
distal interphalangeal joint
medial & lateral hoof cartilages
extensor & flexor tendons, BV, nerves

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2
Q

List the bones of the foot.

A

distal phalanx
distal part of middle phalanx
navicular bone

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3
Q

Draw & label a schematic of an equine hoof.

A

add photo

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4
Q

Describe the hoof wall.

A

highest @ toe

thickest @ toe

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5
Q

Describe the periople.

A

external layer of hoof
thin soft horn near coronet
joins skin @ coronary band

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6
Q

Describe the sole.

A

ventral - between wall & bars
concave
3-4mm @ circumference is weight bearing
slightly flexible

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7
Q

Describe the white line.

A

junction between wall & sole

thin, soft, light horn

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8
Q

Describe the frog.

A

limited weight bearing
heel expansion & shock absorption
has central groove & collateral sulci

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9
Q

Describe the distal phalanx.

A

P3/pedal bone
interior of hoof capsule, suspended by interlocking laminae
palmar is concave

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10
Q

Describe the middle phalanx.

A

P2

articulates with P3 = coffin joint

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11
Q

Describe the navicular bone.

A

sesamoid

attached to P1 w/ navicular suspensory ligament & collateral sesamoidean ligaments

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12
Q

Describe the coffin joint.

A

dorsal & palmar pouches

between P2, P3, navicular bone

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13
Q

Describe the tendons & ligaments of the hoof.

A

deep digital flexor tendon
inserts on palmar surface of distal phalanx
common digital extensor tendon
inserts on extensor process of P3

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14
Q

Describe the digital seasamoidean ligament.

A

connects navicular bone & P3

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15
Q

Describe the navicular suspensory ligament.

A

suspend navicular bone from P1

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16
Q

Describe the vascular supply to the hoof.

A

medial & lateral digital arteries (accompanied w/ viens) -> artery of distal cushion, coronal artery, artery of hoof wall, artery of coffin bone

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17
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the hoof.

A

all arise from lateral & medial digital nerves

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18
Q

Describe the histology of the hoof wall.

A

stratum externum: originates from periople, thin horn
stratum medium: supportive, rods of horn parallel to surface, produced by stratum basale & spinosum @ coronary groove
stratum internal: keratinized primary laminae & secondary laminae (interdigitate with laminae from corium)

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19
Q

Describe the corium.

A

dermis equivalent of hoof
collagen
vascularized & innervated

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20
Q

Describe the growth cycle of an equine hoof.

A

grows 6-7mm/month
full cycle = 6-12m
constant wear & exfoliation

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21
Q

What is the hoof growth cycle influenced by?

A

heredity
diet
environment (avoid extreme dry/damp & ammonia)
farriery

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22
Q

Describe a new born foal foot.

A

capped with soft unpigmented hoof
reduces damage to uterus
shed

23
Q

What is the normal hoof conformation?

A

dorsal hoof wall parallel to pastern axis
(HPA - hoof/pastern axis)
low angle = broken back
high angle = broken forward

24
Q

What is the main function of the forelimb?

A 
weight bearing (60%)
shock absorption
25
Q

What is unique about the ulna in a horse?

A

fused to radius in adulthood

26
Q

List extensor tendons of the metacarpus.

A

Extensor carpi radialis (ECR)
Common digital extensor tendon (CDE)
Lateral digital extensor tendon (LDE)

27
Q

List the flexor tendons of the metacarpus.

A

Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)
Accessory ligament of the SDFT (ALSDFT) “superior check ligament”  proximal to the carpus
Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
Accessory ligament of the DDFT (ALDDFT) “inferior check ligament”
Suspensory ligament (SL)

28
Q

List the ligaments of the metacarpus.

A

collateral ligaments
ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones
ligaments of the navicular bone and ungular cartilage

29
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament (metacarpal).

A

2 lobes with central fat-muscle bundle

prevents overextension of fetlock

30
Q

Describe the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon.
metacarpal

A

continuation of the palmar carpal ligament
fuses with DDFT
prevents overextension

31
Q

Describe the deep digital flexor tendon.

metacarpal

A

passes over nivicular bone

inserts @ P3

32
Q

Describe the superficial digital flexor tendon.

metacarpal

A

emerges from carpal canal, then sub-q
splits at P1 to medial & lateral
inserts @ middle sputum on P2

33
Q

Describe the palmar annular ligament.

metacarpal

A

palmar @ fetlock
maintain SDFT & DDFT, resist abaxial movement of sesamoids
inserts on palmar aspects of proximal sesamoids

34
Q

Describe the navicular bursa.

forelimb

A

between flexor surface of navicular bone & dorsal border of DDFT

35
Q

List the nerves of the forelimb.

A 
brachial plexus
ulnar nerve
median nerve
musculocutaneus nerve
radial nerve
36
Q

Describe the innervation of the distal forelimb.

A

palmar metacarpal nerves
palmar nerves
palmar digital nerves

37
Q

Describe the stay apparatus.

A

Medial patellar ligament locks over trochlear ridge of the femur = Fixation of the stifle
Reciprocal apparatus ensures hock and stifle locked in unison = fixation of hock
Suspensory and sesamoid ligaments, flexor tendons and accessory ligament = Fixation of the fetlock and phalanges

38
Q

List the equine vertebral equation.

A

C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd15-21

39
Q

List the flexor muscles of the neck. (superficial)

A

sternocephalic

brachiocephalic

40
Q

List the extensor muscles of the neck. (superficial)

A

rhomboid
trapezious
Splenius
cervical serratus

41
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

support weight of head & neck

conserve elastic energy when head lowered to assist raising head

42
Q

List the deep muscles of the neck.

A 
flexor: 
long muscle of head
long muscle of neck
scalenus
extensor:
semispinalis capitis
longest muscle of head
43
Q

Describe lordosis.

A

Downward deviation of lumbar & distal
thoracic spine giving horse a dipped
back appearance

44
Q

Describe scoliosis.

A

Lateral deviation of parts

of the spinal column

45
Q

Describe kyphosis.

A

Upward deviation of spine giving horse

a hunched, camel-like appearance

46
Q

Describe the sacrum in a horse.

A

5 vertebra
fused by 5y old
soft tissue structures replace foraminae

47
Q

What’s special about the synovial sacroiliac joint?

A

different cartilages for each surface of the synovial joint
sacral - hyaline
ilial - fibrocartilage

48
Q

Describe the effects of raising the neck.

A

cervicothoracic extension

relaxes the ligaments, brings the spinous processes back together and extends the thoracic spine

49
Q

Describe the effects of lowering the neck.

A

ligaments
under tension, separates the thoracic
spinous processes and flexes
the thoracic spine

50
Q

How is the back extended?

A

T-L and L-S extension
achieved by longissimus
& spinalis & multifidus
L-S extension Middle gluteal

51
Q

How is the back flexed?

A

T-L and L-S contraction of rectus & internal oblique
L-S flexion contraction
of psoas major & minor

52
Q

How is the back flexed laterally?

A

unilateral contraction of:
iliocostal
longissimus
oblique abdominal

53
Q

How do you know a horse has back pain?

A

resists flexion of back

pain on palpation

54
Q

Where can you collect CSF?

A

atlantooccipital space

lumbosacral space

Animal Body 1 (20 decks)

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