Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > SKIN 1 > Flashcards

SKIN 1 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the skin

A 
● Sensation
● Heat regulation by sweating
● Absorption
● Protection 
● Excretion of some by products or sweat
● Secretion 
(SHAPES)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS

A 
● Stratum corneum
● Stratum lucidum
● Stratum granulosum
● Stratum spinosum
● Stratum basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

○ cornified layer

○ contains the keratin

A

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

○ firmly adherent to the basement membrane

A

Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LAYERS OF THE DERMIS

A

● Papillary dermis

● Reticular dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

○ layer where capillaries are located

A

Reticular dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mostly fat, but there are also blood vessels and

lymphatics in this layer

A

SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

○ Makes up most of the skin layer
○ “Glued” tightly together by cell junctions known as desmosomes and produce
abundant amounts of keratin protein

A

Squamous epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Squamous epithelial cells secrete soluble molecules that regulate and augment immune response:

A

■ Cytokines

■ Defensins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

○ Brown pigment that absorbs and protects against potentially injurious UV radiation in sunlight

A

Melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

○ Secrete factors that augment innate immune responses, and migrate from skin to regional lymph nodes where they present their antigenic cargoes to T
lymphocytes, stimulating the adaptive immune system

A

● Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ produced by these T cells mediate the microscopic patterns and
clinical expressions of cutaneous inflammatory and infectious diseases

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Merkel cell is located in the __________

A

epithelial basal layer

may have neuroendocrine or mechanoreceptor functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

○ Regulate the adnexal components

○ Influence the function of the innate and adaptive immune cells in the dermis

A

Autonomic Efferent Nerve Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adnexal structures:

A

sweat glands, sebaceous

glands, hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

guard against deleterious

variations in body temperature

A

sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

have protected niches

harboring epithelial stem cells capable of regenerating superficial epithelial skin structures

A

Hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Traumatic lesion breaking the epidermis and
causing a linear area (e.g., deep scratch), often
self-induced

A

EXCORIATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

● Thickened rough skin (similar to a lichen on a
rock)
● Usually, the result of repeated rubbing

A

LICHENIFICATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F

LICHENIFICATION is yypically seen in eczematous dermatitis

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

circumscribed, flat lesions distinguished from surrounding skin by color.

A

MACULA, PATCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Macule: _mm in diameter

A

= 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Patch: _mm in diameter

A

> 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

● Separation of nail plate from nail bed
● Can be traumatic or secondary to a fungal
infection
● Common in fungal infections of the nails (tinea
unguium)

A

ONYCHOLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Elevated dome-shaped of flat-topped lesion

A

PAPULE, NODULE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Papule: __mm across

A

= 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nodule: __mm across

A

> 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

● Elevated, flat-topped lesion, usually >5 mm

● Psoriasis

A

PLAQUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

●Dry, horny, plate-like excrescences.
● Typically, dry
● Eczema

A

SCALE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

● Fluid-filled raised lesions

A

VESICLE, BULLA, BLISTER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vesicle size

A

= 5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bullae size

A

> 5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

-Thickening of the stratum corneum
-Usually seen in cases where there is constant
friction of the skin e.g., like a callous

A

Hyperkeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If the hyperkeratotic area shows some nucleus, it

is called

A

parakeratosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

● Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia

● Thickening of the epidermis

A

Acanthosis

○ normal: 8-10 layers thick
○ acanthosis: more than 8-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Abnormal, premature keratinization within cells

below the stratum granulosum

A

DYSKERATOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

breakdown of epidermis, so there will be a space in between the keratinocytes

A

Acantholysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

● Infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory cells

● Normally the epidermis will show only lymphocytes not PMNs

A

EXOCYTOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

● Intracellular edema within the epidermis

● Like your cellular swelling, the keratinocytes can undergo spongiosis or swelling of keratinocytes

A

HYDROPIC SWELLING (BALLOONING)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal cell layer

A

LENTIGINOUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

● Surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and

enlargement of contiguous dermal papillae

A

PAPILLOMATOSIS (Sing. PAPILLOMA)

-can be outward or downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Keratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum
corneum. On mucous membranes parakeratosis
is normal

A

PARAKERATOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Most common pigmented lesions of childhood in
lightly pigmented individuals common among
European, Caucasians, not so much in Filipinos

A

FRECKLE (EPHELIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Can be seen in neurofibromatosis type 1
which is similar to freckles histologically, but differ in that they are larger, arise
independently of sun exposure, and
contain aggregated melanosomes

A

Cafe-au-lait spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

freckles morphology

A

small, tan-red or light brown macules (after sun exposure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hyperpigmentation of freckles results from

A

increased amount of melanin pigment within

basal keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

● Benign localized hyperplasia of melanocytes
● May involve mucous membranes
● Linear (non-nested) melanocytic hyperplasia
restricted to the cell layer immediately above the
basement membrane that produces hyperpigmented basal cell layer.

A

LENTIGO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

T or F

Lentigo do not darken when exposed to sunlight

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Melanocytis nevus is a benign neoplasms caused by acquires mutations in components of the _________

A

RAS signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

-Tan to brown, uniformly pigmented, usually less
than 6mm
-Proliferation of melanocytes in the dermis.

A 
MELANOCYTIC NEVUS (PIGMENTED NEVUS, 
MOLE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

If it activates RAS, why do nevi only rarely give

rise to melanomas?

A

oncogene-induced senescence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Expression of either activated RAS or BRAF in
normal human melanocytes causes only a limited
period of proliferation that is followed by a permanent growth arrest mediated by the accumulation of

A

p16/INK4a

53
Q

● When cells of nevi show abnormality like nuclear
enlargement, hyperchromasia
● May be the direct precursors of melanoma
(malignancy of melanocytes)

A

DYSPLASTIC NEVI

54
Q

Flat macules with a “pebbly” surface or target-like lesions with a darker raised center and
irregular flat periphery

A

DYSPLASTIC NEVI

55
Q

● Irregularly shaped, dark-staining nuclei

● The dermis underlying the atypical cells characteristically shows linear, or lamellar fibrosis.

A

Cytologic atypia

56
Q

Pathogenesis of dysplastic nevi

A

-loss of function mutations in CDKN2A
-RAS or BRAF
activation and increased CDK4 activity
-germline mutations that increase the expression of
TERT (gene that encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase)

57
Q

POTENTIAL STEPS OF TUMOR PROGRESSION IN

DYSPLASTIC NEVI:

A

A. Lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia
B. Lentiginous junctional nevus
C. Lentiginous compound nevus with abnormal
architectural and cytologic features (dysplastic
nevus)
D. Early melanoma (radial growth phase).
E. Advanced melanoma (vertical growth phase)

58
Q

● Most deadly of all skin cancers because they
grow very fast and metastasize very fast
● Strongly linked to acquired mutations caused by exposure to UV radiation in sunlight

A

melanoma

59
Q

melanoma other sites:

A

oropharynx, GIT, GUT,

esophagus, meninges, uvea of the eye

60
Q

In melanoma, About 10-15% are inherited as

A

autosomal

dominant trait with variable penetrance

61
Q

Melanoma: single predisposing environmental factor

A

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION from sun exposure.

62
Q

Mutations involved in melanoma

A

● Mutations that disrupt cell cycle control genes (loss of p16/INK4a)
● Mutations that activate pro-growth signalling
pathways.
○ Aberrant increase in RAS and P13K/AKT signalling- promotes cell growth
○ Activating mutations in BRAF are seen in 40-50% of melanomas.
○ Loss of PTEN tumor suppressor leading to heightened activation of
P13K/AKT pathway
● Mutations that activate telomerase.

63
Q

● Striking variations in color.
● Shades of black, brown, red, dark blue and gray.
● Borders are irregular and often notched

A

Melanoma

64
Q 
○ Larger than normal melanocytes
○ Large nuclei with irregular contour
○ Clumped chromatin at the periphery of 
nuclear membrane
○ Prominent red (eosinophilic) nucleoli
A

Melanoma cells

65
Q

e tumor cells that do not

produce melanin

A

Amelanotic melanoma.

66
Q

● horizontal spread of melanomas within the
epidermis and superficial dermis
● At this stage metastasis to other sites seem
remote

A

RADIAL GROWTH PHASE

67
Q

indolent lesion on the face of older men

Melanoma cells are just in the basal layer. We
can still cure this with surgery.

A

LENTIGO MALIGNA

68
Q

most common type, usually in sun-exposed skin.

melanoma cells are
already spreading at the epidermis,

A

SUPERFICIAL SPREADING

69
Q

unrelated to sun exposure.

A

ACRAL/MUCOSAL LENTIGINOUS

70
Q

● Tumor cells invade downward into the deeper dermal layers as an expansile mass

A

VERTICAL GROWTH PHASE

71
Q

● Often heralded by the appearance of a nodule

● Has a metastatic potential

A

VERTICAL GROWTH PHASE

72
Q

distance of deepest
tumor cells from the superficial epidermal
granular cell layer

A

BRESLOW THICKNESS

73
Q

Which is more problematic: radial growth or

vertical growth?

A

VERTICAL GROWTH

74
Q

PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

A 
● Tumor depth (most important) that implies 
vertical growth phase
● Number of mitoses 
● Evidence of tumor regression 
● Ulceration of overlying skin 
● Presence and number of tumor infiltrating 
lymphocytes 
● Gender
● Location
75
Q

WARNING SIGNS OF MELANOMA

A 
● Asymmetry
● Borders – irregular 
● Color – variegated 
● Diameter – increasing 
● Evolution or change in appearance
76
Q

T or F

Melanomas are usually asymptomatic

A

T

77
Q

T or F
Metastatic melanoma is resistant to conventional
chemotherapy and radiotherapy

A

T

78
Q

Benign epithelial tumors are derived from

A

○ Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
○ Hair follicles
○ Ductular epithelium of cutaneous glands

79
Q

Can be a warning sign of visceral malignancies:

A

○ Multiple trichilemmomas in Cowden syndrome
○ Multiple sebaceous in Muir-Torre syndrome
○ Multiple seborrheic keratosis in GIT malignancies.

80
Q

● Common epidermal tumors
● Middle aged or older individuals
● Arise spontaneously and particularly numerous
on the trunk

A

SEBORRHEIC KERATOSES

81
Q

Seborrheic keratosis:

In darker complexioned people, multiple lesions on the face are termed

A

dermatosis papulosa nigra

82
Q

sudden eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses in the
skin, the skin is okay and then suddenly there you
see plenty of several seborrheic keratoses

A

Sign of Leser – Trelat

83
Q
  • Round, flat, coin-like, waxy plaques

- Several keratin-filled cyst

A

SEBORRHEIC KERATOSES

84
Q

-Thickened hyperpigmented skin with a “velvet-like” texture

-In flexural areas (axillae, skin folds of the neck,
groin and anogenital regions)

A

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS

85
Q

T or F

In Acanthosis nigricans, 20% of cases are associated with cancers (GIT adenocarcinomas)

A

T

86
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is associated with germline mutations in the receptor __________

A

tyrosine kinase (FGFR3)

87
Q

typical signs of seborrheic keratosis.

A

Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and presence of horn cysts at epidermis containing keratin

88
Q

commonly called skin tag

A

FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYPS

89
Q

T or F

Majority of fibroepithelial polyps is sporadic

A

T

90
Q

Soft, flesh-colored, bag-like tumors often attached to

the skin by a slender stalk

A

FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYPS

91
Q

Histologic feature of fibroepithelial polyps

A

fibrovascular cores covered by benign

squamous epithelium

92
Q

ADNEXAL TUMORS

A 
Eccrine poroma
Cylindroma
Syringomas
Sebaceous adenomas
Pilomatricomas
93
Q

● Predominantly on palms and soles where sweat
glands are numerous
● Dermal proliferation of your sweat glands

A

ECCRINE POROMA

94
Q

● ductal differentiation
○ Usually on forehead and scalp
○ “turban tumor” because it can grow and replace skin

A

CYLINDROMA

pieces of jigsaw puzzle

95
Q

● Eccrine differentiation

○ Multiple, small tan papules in lower eyelids

A

SYRINGOMAS

irregular nest of cells

96
Q

What is more common, sebaceous adenoma or carcinoma?

A

Adenoma

97
Q

Sebaceous adenoma can be associated with what syndrome

A

Muir – Torre syndrome

98
Q

● Follicular differentiation

● Also called calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe

A

PILOMATRICOMAS

99
Q

Pilomatricomas distinct characteristics:

A

Ghost cells/Shadow

cells

100
Q

PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT EPIDERMAL

TUMORS

A

Actinic keratosis
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

101
Q
  • A premalignant condition in sun-damage skin,
    usually of lightly pigmented individuals.
    -Exposure to ionizing radiation, industrial
    hydrocarbons and arsenicals
A

ACTINIC KERATOSIS

102
Q

● Rough sandpaper like consistency

A

Actinic keratosis

103
Q
  • lesions on the lips showing so much keratin
A

actinic cheilitis

104
Q

ACTINIC KERATOSIS:

topical administration of ________, a drug that
activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), eradicates
up to 50% of lesions, a rate considerably higher
than the spontaneous regression rate of
approximately 5%

A

imiquimod

105
Q

● Second most common tumor arising on sun-exposed area

-Generally deep invasive and involve the subcutis

A

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

○ The most common is basal cell carcinoma.
○ The most malignant is malignant melanoma

106
Q

T or F

In Squamous cell carcinoma, Tumor incidence is proportional to the degree of lifetime sun exposure

A

T

107
Q

HPV subtypes involved in squamous cell carcinoma

A

5 and 8.

108
Q

● Locally aggressive, slow growing, rarely
metastasizing

● Associated with mutations that activate the
Hedgehog pathway signalling

A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

109
Q

Usually present as pearly papules containing

prominent dilated subepidermal blood vessels.

A

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

110
Q

TUMORS OF THE DERMIS

A

BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA

DERMATOFIBROMA PROTUBERANS

111
Q 
● Also called dermatofibroma
○ It is made up of fibrous tissue with presence of histiocytes. 
● Legs of young and middle-aged women
● Indolent behaviour
● With numerous histologic variants
A

BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA

112
Q

BENIGN FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA is characterized by

A

downward elongation of hyperpigmented rete

ridges (pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia)

113
Q

● Well-differentiated fibrosarcoma
● Slow growing, locally aggressive, rarely
metastasize
● Protuberant nodule, often on the trunk

A

DERMATOFIBROMA PROTUBERANS

114
Q

pattern in dermatofibroma protuberans (micro)

A

Storiform (cogwheels)

115
Q

The molecular hallmark of dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberans is a translocation involving the genes
encoding ___________

A

collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) and platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFB)

116
Q

TUMORS OF CELLULAR MIGRANTS TO THE SKIN

A

MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES

MASTOCYTOSIS

117
Q

MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES originates from the _________

A

T helper cells CD4+

118
Q

Histologic hallmark of mycosis fungoides

A

presence of Sezary-Lutner cells

119
Q

● Increased number of mast cells in the skin

A

MASTOCYTOSIS

120
Q

In mastocytosis, most of the symptoms/signs are due to the effects of

A

histamine, heparin and other substances from

the mast cells

121
Q

presents as a pink to tan-brown nodule that may be pruritic or show blister
formation.

A

Solitary mastocytoma

122
Q

Many cases of mastocytosis have acquired activating point mutations in the ____

A

-KIT
less frequently, the PDGFR-α receptor tyrosine
kinases.

123
Q

DISORDERS OF EPIDERMAL MATURATION

A

ICHTHYOSIS

124
Q

● Chronic excessive keratin build-up producing

fish-like scales

A

ICHTHYOSIS

125
Q

● Clinical types of Ichthyosis

A

o Ichthyosis vulgaris
o Congenital ichthyosis erythroderma
o Lamellar ichthyosis
o X-linked ichthyosis

126
Q

Primary abnormality in ichthyosis

A

defective desquamation, leading to retention of abnormally formed scales

127
Q

caused by a deficiency of

steroid sulfatase

A

X-linked ichthyosis

128
Q

QUEN IS PRETTY

A

YES

Pathology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions