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Pathology > EYES > Flashcards

EYES Flashcards

1
Q

displacement of the eye forward

A

proptosis

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2
Q

compartment that is closed medially, laterally, and posteriorly.

A

orbit

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3
Q

produces a proptosis that displaces the eye inferiorly and medially because the lacrimal gland is positioned superotemporally within the orbit

A

sarcoidosis, lymphoma, pleomorphic adenoma, or adenoid cystic carcinoma

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4
Q

masses contained within the cone formed by the horizontal rectus muscle generate

A

axial proprtosis

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5
Q

two most common primary tumors of the optic nerve

A

glioma and meningioma

produce axial proptosis because the optic nerve is positioned within the muscle cone.

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6
Q

Proptosis (Thyroid ophthalmopathy) is caused by the accumulation of

A

extracellular matrix proteins and variable degrees of fibrosis in the rectus muscle.

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7
Q

separates the orbit from the ethmoidal sinuses.

A

lamina papyracea

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8
Q

may present first in the orbit and may be confined for prolonged periods of time, or alternatively, it may involve the orbit secondarily by extension from the sinuses

A

Systemic conditions such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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9
Q

also known as orbital inflammatory pseudomotor

A

idiopathic orbital inflammation

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10
Q

t or f

idiopathic orbital inflammation may be unilateral or bilateral

A

true

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11
Q

lacrimal gland (IOI)

A

sclerosing dacryoadenitis

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12
Q

extraocular muscles (IOI)

A

orbital myositis

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13
Q

Tenon capsule (IOI)

A

posterior scleritis

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14
Q

characterized histologically by chronic inflammation and variable degrees of fibrosis

A

Idiopathic orbital inflammation

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15
Q

IOI inflammatory infiltrate

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosi

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16
Q

germinal centers, when present, raise the suspicion of

A

reactive lymphoid hyperplasia

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17
Q

presence of necrosis and degenerating collagen along with vasculitis

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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18
Q

IOI is typically confined to the orbit but may develop concomitantly with

A

sclerosing inflammation in the retroperitoneum, the mediastinum, thyroid, especially as a manifestation of Ig-4 related disease.

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19
Q

Most frequently encountered primary neoplasms of the orbit (vascular)

A

capillary hemangioma (infancy and early childhood)
lympangioma
encapsulated cavernous hemangioma (adults)

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20
Q

encapsulated orbital masses

A

pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland
dermoid cyst
neurilemomma

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21
Q

protruding eyeball (graves disease and hyperthyroidism)

A

exophthalmos

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22
Q

abnormal enlargement of the eyeball protruding outward

secondary to glaucomatous condition or an increased IOP

A

Buphthalmos

Ox eye

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23
Q

the posterior displacement due to changes in the volume of the orbit relative to its contents or loss of function of the orbital muscle

A

enophthalmos

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24
Q

impt clinical manifestations of graves dse

A

Axial proptosis

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25
Q

most common intraocular malignancy is

A

metastatic tumors

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26
Q

primary intraocular malignancy is

A

melanoma

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27
Q

T or F

Non hodgkin’s lymphoma can affect the entire orbit or be confined to a specific compartment of the orbit such as lacrimal gland.

A

T

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28
Q

(metastases) present clinically like idiopathic orbital inflammation

A

metastatic prostatic carcinoma

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29
Q

may produce characteristic periocular ecchymoses

A

metastatic neuroblastoma and wilms tumor (rich vascular neoplasms)

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30
Q

drainage system of the sebaceous glands is obstructed by chronic inflammation at the eyelid margin

A

blepharitis

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31
Q

produced when lipid extravasate into surrounding tissue and provoke a granulomatous response

A

chalazion/lipogranuloma

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32
Q

most common malignancy of the eyelid

A

basal cell carcinoma

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33
Q

basal cell carcinoma usually affects

A

lower eyelid and medical canthus

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34
Q

called rodent ulcer

A

basal cell carci

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35
Q

tx basal cell carcinoma

A

removal with wide marginal incision

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36
Q

histo characteristic of basal cell carci

A

basaloid cells underneath stratified sq epith

peripheral palisading around the nest of basaloid cells, haphazard center,

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37
Q

may mimic chalazion or may diffusely thicken the eyelid

A

sebaceous carcinoma

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38
Q

sebaceous carcinoma may also resemble

A

blepharitis or ocular cicatricial pemphigoid

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39
Q

sebaceous carcinoma tend to spread first to the

A

parotid and submandibular nodule

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40
Q

sebaceous carcinoma has a predilection for

A

intraepithelial spread

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41
Q

kaposi sarcoma eyelid

A

lesion may appear to have a purple hue because the vascular lesion is embedded in the dermis

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42
Q

kaposi sarcoma conjunctiva

A

bright red

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43
Q

thin layer of epithelium that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and that of the cornea

A

Conjunctiva

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44
Q

tightly tethered to the tarsus and may respond to the inflammation by being thrown into minute papillary folds

A

palpebral conjunctiva

45
Q

outer layer of the eyelid is lined by

A

stratified sq epithelium

46
Q

palpebral conjunctiva is lined by

A

flattened cells, some columnar cells

47
Q

conjunctiva in the fornix

A

pseudostrat columnar epi rich in goblet cells

48
Q

primary lymphoma of the conjunctiva is most likely to develop in the

A

fornix (typically indolent marginal zone B-cell lymphoma)

49
Q

covers the surface of the eye

nonkeratinizing stratified squamous

A

bulbar conjunctiva

50
Q

intersection between the sclera and cornea, also marks the transition between
conjunctival and corneal epithelium

A

Limbus

51
Q

Causes reduction of goblet cells leading to decrease in surface mucin– “dry eye”

A

CONJUNCTIVAL SCARRING

52
Q

causes of conjunctival scarring

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Exposure to caustic alkali

Sequela to ocular cicatricial phempigoid

rxn to drugs

surgery

53
Q

○ May produce significant conjunctival
scarring
○ Can produce blindness particularly in poor condition in underdeveloped
nations because it is infectious in origin

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma)

54
Q

● Submucosal elevations of the conjunctiva

● Result from actinic damage (usually from chronic sun exposure)

A

PINGUECULA AND PTERYGIUM

55
Q

● Typically originates in the conjunctiva astride the limbus
● Formed by submucosal growth of fibrovascular
connective tissue that migrates onto the cornea

A

PTERYGIUM

56
Q

T or f

Pterygium does not cross the pupillary axis

A

T

57
Q

● Elevation of conjunctiva producing a small
nodule
● Usually stays in the sclera and does not invade
cornea
● Causes uneven distribution of tear film over adjacent cornea
● Saucer-like depression (delle)

A

PINGUECULA

58
Q

neoplasms tend to develop at the

A

Limbus

59
Q

associated with squamous
papillomas and conjunctival intraepithelial
neoplasia

A

HPV types 16 &18

60
Q

T or F

commonly but seldom
invade the cornea or
appear in the fornix or over the palpebral
conjunctiva

A

T

61
Q

● Pigmented lesions in these zones represent
melanomas or melanoma precursors
● contain subepithelial cysts lined by surface
epithelium

A

conjunctival nevi

62
Q

● BRAF V600 mutations

A

Conjunctival melanomas

63
Q

preventive
measure as the best treatment of conjunctival
melanoma

A

Extirpation of its precursor lesion

64
Q 
phase of
intraepithelial growth
○ Between 50% and 90% of individuals
with incompletely treated develop
conjunctival melanoma
A 
Primary acquired
melanosis with atypia
or conjunctival
melanocytic
intraepithelial neoplasia (C-MIN)
65
Q

● Consists of many collagen and contains few
blood vessels and fibroblasts hence surgical
wounds tend to heal poorly

A

sclera

66
Q

○ Following episodes of scleritis

○ High intraocular pressure

A

blue sclera

67
Q

resulting lesion in
the zone of scleral ectasia lined
by uveal tissue

A

Staphyloma

68
Q

○ Osteogenesis imperfecta
○ Heavily pigmented congenital nevus of underlying uvea, a condition known as
congenital melanosis oculi

A

● “Blue sclera”

69
Q

when accompanied by periocular

cutaneous pigmentation

A

nevus of Ota

70
Q

Major refractive surface of the eye

A

CORNEA

71
Q

eye is too long for its refractive power

A

Myopia

72
Q

eye that is too short

A

hyperopia

73
Q
  • to
    sculpt the cornea and change its refractive
    properties
A

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

74
Q

cornea layers

A 
ABCDE
Anterior epithelium
Bowmans capsule
Connective tissue
Descement membrane
Endothelium
75
Q

acellular and forms an efficient barrier

against the penetration of malignant cells

A

bowman’s capsule

76
Q 
○ Corneal stroma
○ lacks blood vessels and lymphatics
○ Contributes to transparency and high
rate of success of corneal
transplantation
A

connective tissues

77
Q

○ increases in thickness with age.
○ site of copper deposition in the
Kayser-Fleischer ring of Wilson disease

A

Descemet membrane

78
Q

decrease in endothelial cells or a malfunction of endothelium results in

A

stromal edema

79
Q

bullous separation of the epithelium

A

Bullous scleropathy

80
Q

preventing corneal

vascularization

A

VEGF antagonists

81
Q

may accompany
chronic corneal edema, inflammation, and
scarring

A

corneal vascularization

82
Q

protozoal pathogen which may cause corneal ulcerations

A

acanthamoeba

83
Q

Dissolution of the corneal stroma may be accelerated by activation of

A

collagenases within
corneal epithelium and stromal fibroblasts (also
known as keratocytes).

84
Q

Exudate and cells leaking from iris and ciliary body vessels into the anterior chamber

A

HYPOPYON

85
Q

● Seldom contains organisms and is an example
par excellence of the vascular response to acute
inflammation

A

HYPOPYON

86
Q

chronic herpes simplex keratitis may be associated with a

A

granulomatous

reaction involving the Descemet membrane

87
Q

T or F
Corneal degeneration is either unilateral or
bilateral and typically nonfamilial

A

T

88
Q

T or F

Corneal dystrophies are bilateral and hereditary

A

T

89
Q

BAND KERATOPATHIES

A

calcific band keratopathy

actinic band keratopathy

90
Q

○ Reis-Buckler dystrophy

A

bowmans layer

91
Q

Posterior polymorphous dystrophy

A

endothelium

92
Q
  • deposition
    of calcium in the Bowman layer
    ○ may complicate chronic uveitis,
    especially in individuals with chronic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
A

Calcific band keratopathy

93
Q

exposure to high levels of UV light.

A

actinic band keratopathy

94
Q

Progressive thinning and ectasia of the cornea without evidence of inflammation and
vascularization

A

keratoconus

95
Q

● Cornea is conical rather than spherical

● Typically bilateral

A

keratoconus

96
Q

keratoconus is associated with

A

Down syndrome, Marfan

syndrome and atopic disorders

97
Q

histo hallmarks of keratoconus

A

Thinning of the cornea with breaks in the Bowman layer

98
Q 
can complicate
Descemet membrane ruptures that develop
secondary to extraordinary elevations of
intraocular pressure in infantile glaucoma
(Haab striae)
A

Acute corneal hydrops

99
Q

Results from loss of endothelial cells resulting in edema and thickening of the stroma

A

FUCHS ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY

100
Q

FUCHS ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY Two major clinical manifestations:

A

○ Stromal edema

○ Bullous keratopathy

101
Q

Stroma becomes edematous and thickens; it

acquires a ground-glass appearance

A

FUCHS ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY

102
Q

drop-like deposits of abnormal basement membrane material

A

guttata

103
Q

number of endothelial cells may decrease following cataract

A

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy

104
Q

Autosomal dominant, caused by the TGFB1
gene that encodes ECM protein called
keratoepithelin.

A

STROMAL DYSTROPHIES

105
Q

Opacification of the lens nucleus (nuclear

sclerosis)

A

CATARACT

106
Q

T or F

cataract maybe congenital or acquired

A

T

107
Q

Diseases associated with cataract:

A 
○ Galactosemia
○ Diabetes mellitus - very common
○ Wilson disease
○ Atopic dermatitis
○ Drugs (corticosteroids)
○ Radiation (UV)
○ Trauma
○ Intraocular disorders
108
Q

● migration of lens epithelium posterior to the lens equator may result in _______
● Seen better with slit lamp examination

A

POSTERIOR SUBCAPSULAR CATARACT

109
Q

Lens cortex may
liquefy nearly entirely a
condition known as _________

A

MORGAGNIAN CATARACT

Pathology (31 decks)

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