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HEART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human heart is an efficient organ that can pump around

A

7500l/day

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2
Q

female heart weight

A

250-320g

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3
Q

male heart weight

A

300-360g

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4
Q

right ventricle thickness

A

0.3-0.5cm

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5
Q

left ventricle thickness

A

1.3-1.5cm

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6
Q

increased in weight/thockness

A

hypertrophy

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7
Q

enlarged ventricular chamber size

A

dilation

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8
Q

increased cardiac weight/size resulting from hypertrophy and/or dilatation

A

cardiomegaly

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9
Q

additional fxn of cardiomyocytes

A

endocrine (anp and bnp)

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10
Q

pumping fxn

A

myocardium

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11
Q

coordinated contraction: systole; coordinated relaxation:_____

A

diastole

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12
Q

left ventricular myocytes are arranged in a_________

A

spiral circumferential orientation

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13
Q

endocrine fxn:

B-type natriuretic peptide

A

Ventricle

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14
Q

generates overall less robust contractile force

A

right ventricular myocytes

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15
Q

shortening of serial contractile elements aka sarcomeres within parallel myofibrils

A

contraction

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16
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral valve

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17
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

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18
Q

dilatation of the aortic root can result in

A

valvular regurgitation

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19
Q

atrioventricular valves depends on the proper function not only of the leaflets but also

A

the tendinous cords and the attached papillary muscles of the ventricular wall.

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20
Q

Left ventricular dilation, a ruptured cord, or papillary muscle dysfunction can all interfere with mitral valve closure, causing

A

valvular insufficiency

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21
Q

A dense collagenous layer at the outflow surface, connected to the valvular supporting structures and providing mechanical integrity

A

fibrosa layer

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22
Q

A central core of loose connective tissue

A

spongiosa layer

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23
Q

A layer rich in elastin on the inflow surface, providing leaflet recoil

A

ventricularis or atrialis layer

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24
Q

pacemaker

at the junction of the right atrial appendage and SVC

A

SA node

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25
located in the RA along the interatrial septum
AV node
26
connecting the RA to the ventricular septum
bundle of his
27
stimulates ventricles via arborization into the Purkinje network
R and L bundle branch divisions
28
Nutrients and oxygen are delivered via | the
coronary arteries
29
external surface of the heart
epicardial coronary arteries
30
myocardium
intramural arteries
31
Blood flow to the myocardium occurs during
ventricular diastole
32
changes in aging heart (chambers)
increased left atrial cavity size decreased left ventricular cavity size sigmoid-shaped ventricular septum
33
changes in the aging heart (valves)
``` aortic valve calcific deposits mitral valve annular calcific deposits fibrous thickening of leaflets buckling of mitral leaflets toward the left atrium lambl excrescences ```
34
Epicardial Coronary arteries
Tortuosity Diminished compliance Calcific deposits Atherosclerotic plaques
35
Changes in the aging heart (myocardium)
``` Decreased mass Increased subepicardial fat brown atrophy Lipofuscin deposition Basophilic Degeneration Amyloid deposits ```
36
Changes in the aging heart (aorta)
Dilated ascending aorta with rightward shift elongated thoracic aorta Sinotubular junction calcific deposits Elastic fragmentation and collagen accumulation Atherosclerotic plaque
37
increased filling volumes of the hearts, thereby increasing actin-myosin cross-bridge formation, and enhancing contractility and stroke volume
Frank-starling mechanism
38
These augment heart function and/or regulate filling volumes and pressures (and many of the therapies for CHF affect these systems when they become maladaptive).
activation of neurohumoral systems
39
counterbalance for RAAS, because it stimulates diuresis
ANP
40
is the general term applied to the collective molecular, cellular, and structural changes that occur in response to injury or altered ventricular loading.
Ventricular remodeling
41
new sarcomeres are predominantly assembled parallel to the long axes of cells, expanding cross-sectional area of myocytes in ventricles and causing a concentric increase in wall thickness
Pressure-overload hypertrophy (due to hypertension or aortic stenosis)
42
new sarcomeres being assembled in series, elongating the myocyte. (eccentric hypertrophy)
Volume-overload hypertrophy (due to valvular regurgitation, valvular insufficiency
43
hypertrophy is also typically accompanies by
fibrous tissue deposition
44
promote cellular growth and alters protein expression
FOS JUN MYC EGR1
45
there is generally heavy and | dilated heart with variable degrees of myocardial hypertrophy
CHF
46
loss of myocardial mass | because of the death of myocardium leads to the hypertrophy of surrounding myocardium
acute MI
47
overload due to problems on cusps
valvular heart diseases
48
associated with volume load | hypertrophy with increases in capillary density
aerobic exercise
49
regular aerobic activity
decreases the resting heart rate and blood pressure
50
induces mild pressure hypertrophy
purely static exercise
51
end point if most forms of cardiac diseases
heart failure
52
abrupt onset of CHF
Large MI | Acute valve dysfunction
53
deposition of fibrous tissue limiting its pumping relaxation movements can cause ______. Passive congestion of the pulmonary circulation
lett sided heart failure
54
causes of Left sided heart failure
Ischemic heart dse Systemic HTN aortic and mitral valvular dse primary myocardial dse
55
in microscopic findings, if caused by ischemia, tthere is _________
coagulative necrosis and significant numbers of acute inflammatory cells
56
pulmonary congestion and edema
heavy, wet lungs
57
telltale signs of previous episodes of pulmonary edema
hemosiderin-laden macrophages
58
arise from elevated pleural capillary and lymphatic pressure and the resultant transudation of fluid into the pleural cavities.
pleural effusions
59
Early left-sided heart failure symptoms are related to
pulmonary congestion and edema
60
3rd heart sound due to
volume overload
61
4th heart sound
due to increase myocardial stiffness
62
If heart failure is associated with progressive ventricular dilation, the papillary muscles are displaced outward, causing
mitral regurgitation
63
Subsequent chronic dilation of the left atrium can cause
atrial fibrillation
64
In moderate CHF, a reduced ejection fraction | leads to diminished renal perfusion, causing
activation of RAAS
65
if the hypoperfusion of the kidney becomes sufficiently severe,
impaired excretion of nitrogenous products may cause azotemia
66
insufficient ejection fraction
systolic failure
67
caused by any disorder that damages the contractile function of the left ventricle. So, you can have ischemia there, fibrosis, tumor in the left ventricle
pump failure
68
is secondary to abnormally stiff left ventricle during diastole
diastolic failure
69
can also limit myocardial relaxation and therefore mimics primary diastolic dysfunction.
constrictive pericarditis
70
Consequence of left-sided heart failure.
right sided heart failure
71
Isolated right- sided heart failure is infrequent and typically occurs in patients with one of a variety of disorders affecting the lungs; hence it is often referred to as
cor pulmonale
72
In some instances, especially when left-sided | heart failure with hypoperfusion is also present, severe centrilobular hypoxia
centrilobular necrosis
73
hallmark of right-sided heart failure.
Edema of the peripheral | and dependent portions of the body, especially foot/ankle (pedal) and pretibial edema
74
tool to quantitatively assess the extent of CHF.
serum levels of B-type Natriuretic Factor
75
is also an extremely valuable tool in following patients with CHF, providing a measure of ejection fraction, wall motion, valvular function, and possible mural thrombosis.
echocardiograophy

Pathology (31 decks)

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