Infancy Flashcards
leading causes of death in the first 12 months
congenital anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, SIDS, maternal com and injuries
leading causes of death 1-4 yrs and 5-9yrs
unintentional injuries from accidents
10-14 yrs leading causes of death
accidents, malignancies, suicide, malformations
Primary errors of morphogenesis
Intrinsic abnormalities occurring during development
malformations
o Constellation of congenital anomalies,
believed to be pathologically related, that, in
contrast to a sequence, cannot be explained
on the basis of a single, localized, initiating
defect.
o Syndromes are most often caused by a single
etiologic agent, such as a viral infection or
specific chromosomal abnormality, which
simultaneously affects several tissues.
malformation syndrome
fusion of digits
syndactylyl (malformation)
cleft lip
malformation
From secondary destruction of an organ or body
region that was previously normal in development
disruptions
amniotic band
disruption
deformation and disruption are both
extrinsic disturbance
is the most common underlying factor responsible for deformations
uterine constraint
clubfeet
deformation
-Single anomaly affecting multiple organs
-Cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating
aberration of organogenesis
sequence
fetal compression resulting to lung hypoplasia
sequence
refers to the complete absence of an organ and its associated primordium.
agenesis
refers to the absence of an organ but one that occurs due to failure of growth of the existing
primordium.
aplasia
describes the absence of an opening, usually
of a hollow visceral organ, such as the trachea or intestine.
atresia
Inheritance of multiple genetic polymorphism
that confer a susceptibility phenotype
multifactorial inheritance
Increased body fat, muscle mass,
organomegaly (macrosomia),
cardiac anomalies, neural tube
defects
diabetic embryopathy
This compound is an inhibitor of
Hedgehog signaling in the embryo, and, as stated
earlier, mutations of Hedgehog genes are present in
subsets of patients with holoprosencephaly.
cyclopamine
an antiepileptic and a recognized
teratogen during pregnancy. It disrupts
expression of a family of highly conserved
developmentally critical transcription factors known
as homeobox (HOX) proteins.
Valproic acid
essential for normal development and
differentiation, and its absence during embryogenesis
results in a constellation of malformations affecting
multiple organ systems, including the eyes,
genitourinary system, cardiovascular system,
diaphragm, and lungs
vitamin a retinol
implantation occurs at
6-7th day after fertilization
embryonic period
○ weeks 1-8 of pregnancy differentiation
○ organogenesis occurs in this period
fetal period
○ weeks 9-38 organs during embryogenesis
○ marked by further growth and maturation
transcervical infection common diagnostic tool
tzanck smear
most common
sequelae in the fetus infected by
inhalation of amniotic fluid (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis)
Most parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma, malaria) or viruses, few bacteria (Listeria and Treponema) – gain access to the fetal bloodstream via the chorionic villi
transplacental infections (hematogenous)
is the most common cause of early-onset bacterial meningitis
Group B Streptococcus
have longer latent periods
between the time of microorganism inoculation and
the appearance of clinical symptoms
Listeria and Candida
most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
congenital anomalies
2nd most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
prematurity
Refers to spontaneous rupture of membranes
occurring before 37 weeks of gestation
Preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM)
Major cause of preterm labor with and without intact membranes
intrauterine infections/chorioamnionitis/funisitis
The most common microorganisms implicated in
intrauterine infections leading to preterm labor are
Ureaplasma, mycoplasma, gardnerella, trichomonas, gonorrhea, chlamydia
