Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

leading causes of death in the first 12 months

A

congenital anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, SIDS, maternal com and injuries

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2
Q

leading causes of death 1-4 yrs and 5-9yrs

A

unintentional injuries from accidents

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3
Q

10-14 yrs leading causes of death

A

accidents, malignancies, suicide, malformations

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4
Q

Primary errors of morphogenesis

Intrinsic abnormalities occurring during development

A

malformations

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5
Q

o Constellation of congenital anomalies,
believed to be pathologically related, that, in
contrast to a sequence, cannot be explained
on the basis of a single, localized, initiating
defect.

o Syndromes are most often caused by a single
etiologic agent, such as a viral infection or
specific chromosomal abnormality, which
simultaneously affects several tissues.

A

malformation syndrome

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6
Q

fusion of digits

A

syndactylyl (malformation)

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7
Q

cleft lip

A

malformation

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8
Q

From secondary destruction of an organ or body

region that was previously normal in development

A

disruptions

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9
Q

amniotic band

A

disruption

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10
Q

deformation and disruption are both

A

extrinsic disturbance

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11
Q

is the most common underlying factor responsible for deformations

A

uterine constraint

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12
Q

clubfeet

A

deformation

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13
Q

-Single anomaly affecting multiple organs
-Cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating
aberration of organogenesis

A

sequence

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14
Q

fetal compression resulting to lung hypoplasia

A

sequence

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15
Q

refers to the complete absence of an organ and its associated primordium.

A

agenesis

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16
Q

refers to the absence of an organ but one that occurs due to failure of growth of the existing
primordium.

17
Q

describes the absence of an opening, usually

of a hollow visceral organ, such as the trachea or intestine.

18
Q

Inheritance of multiple genetic polymorphism

that confer a susceptibility phenotype

A

multifactorial inheritance

19
Q

Increased body fat, muscle mass,
organomegaly (macrosomia),
cardiac anomalies, neural tube
defects

A

diabetic embryopathy

20
Q

This compound is an inhibitor of
Hedgehog signaling in the embryo, and, as stated
earlier, mutations of Hedgehog genes are present in
subsets of patients with holoprosencephaly.

A

cyclopamine

21
Q

an antiepileptic and a recognized
teratogen during pregnancy. It disrupts
expression of a family of highly conserved
developmentally critical transcription factors known
as homeobox (HOX) proteins.

A

Valproic acid

22
Q

essential for normal development and
differentiation, and its absence during embryogenesis
results in a constellation of malformations affecting
multiple organ systems, including the eyes,
genitourinary system, cardiovascular system,
diaphragm, and lungs

A

vitamin a retinol

23
Q

implantation occurs at

A

6-7th day after fertilization

24
Q

embryonic period

A

○ weeks 1-8 of pregnancy differentiation

○ organogenesis occurs in this period

25
fetal period
○ weeks 9-38 organs during embryogenesis | ○ marked by further growth and maturation
26
transcervical infection common diagnostic tool
tzanck smear
27
most common | sequelae in the fetus infected by
inhalation of amniotic fluid (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis)
28
``` Most parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma, malaria) or viruses, few bacteria (Listeria and Treponema) – gain access to the fetal bloodstream via the chorionic villi ```
transplacental infections (hematogenous)
29
is the most common cause of early-onset bacterial meningitis
Group B Streptococcus
30
have longer latent periods between the time of microorganism inoculation and the appearance of clinical symptoms
Listeria and Candida
31
most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
congenital anomalies
32
2nd most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
prematurity
33
Refers to spontaneous rupture of membranes | occurring before 37 weeks of gestation
Preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM)
34
Major cause of preterm labor with and without intact membranes
intrauterine infections/chorioamnionitis/funisitis
35
The most common microorganisms implicated in | intrauterine infections leading to preterm labor are
Ureaplasma, mycoplasma, gardnerella, trichomonas, gonorrhea, chlamydia