Infancy

Question 1

leading causes of death in the first 12 months

Answer 1

congenital anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, SIDS, maternal com and injuries

Question 2

leading causes of death 1-4 yrs and 5-9yrs

Answer 2

unintentional injuries from accidents

Question 3

10-14 yrs leading causes of death

Answer 3

accidents, malignancies, suicide, malformations

Question 4

Primary errors of morphogenesis

Intrinsic abnormalities occurring during development

Answer 4

malformations

Question 5

o Constellation of congenital anomalies,
believed to be pathologically related, that, in
contrast to a sequence, cannot be explained
on the basis of a single, localized, initiating
defect.

o Syndromes are most often caused by a single
etiologic agent, such as a viral infection or
specific chromosomal abnormality, which
simultaneously affects several tissues.

Answer 5

malformation syndrome

Question 6

fusion of digits

Answer 6

syndactylyl (malformation)

Question 7

cleft lip

Answer 7

malformation

Question 8

From secondary destruction of an organ or body

region that was previously normal in development

Answer 8

disruptions

Question 9

amniotic band

Answer 9

disruption

Question 10

deformation and disruption are both

Answer 10

extrinsic disturbance

Question 11

is the most common underlying factor responsible for deformations

Answer 11

uterine constraint

Question 12

clubfeet

Answer 12

deformation

Question 13

-Single anomaly affecting multiple organs
-Cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating
aberration of organogenesis

Answer 13

sequence

Question 14

fetal compression resulting to lung hypoplasia

Answer 14

sequence

Question 15

refers to the complete absence of an organ and its associated primordium.

Answer 15

agenesis

Question 16

refers to the absence of an organ but one that occurs due to failure of growth of the existing
primordium.

Answer 16

aplasia

Question 17

describes the absence of an opening, usually

of a hollow visceral organ, such as the trachea or intestine.

Answer 17

atresia

Question 18

Inheritance of multiple genetic polymorphism

that confer a susceptibility phenotype

Answer 18

multifactorial inheritance

Question 19

Increased body fat, muscle mass,
organomegaly (macrosomia),
cardiac anomalies, neural tube
defects

Answer 19

diabetic embryopathy

Question 20

This compound is an inhibitor of
Hedgehog signaling in the embryo, and, as stated
earlier, mutations of Hedgehog genes are present in
subsets of patients with holoprosencephaly.

Answer 20

cyclopamine

Question 21

an antiepileptic and a recognized
teratogen during pregnancy. It disrupts
expression of a family of highly conserved
developmentally critical transcription factors known
as homeobox (HOX) proteins.

Answer 21

Valproic acid

Question 22

essential for normal development and
differentiation, and its absence during embryogenesis
results in a constellation of malformations affecting
multiple organ systems, including the eyes,
genitourinary system, cardiovascular system,
diaphragm, and lungs

Answer 22

vitamin a retinol

Question 23

implantation occurs at

Answer 23

6-7th day after fertilization

Question 24

embryonic period

Answer 24

○ weeks 1-8 of pregnancy differentiation

○ organogenesis occurs in this period

Question 25

fetal period

Answer 25

○ weeks 9-38 organs during embryogenesis

○ marked by further growth and maturation

Question 26

transcervical infection common diagnostic tool

Answer 26

tzanck smear

Question 27

most common

sequelae in the fetus infected by

Answer 27

inhalation of amniotic fluid (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis)

Question 28

Most parasites (e.g., Toxoplasma, malaria) or viruses,
few bacteria (Listeria and Treponema) – gain access to the fetal bloodstream via the chorionic villi

Answer 28

transplacental infections (hematogenous)

Question 29

is the most common cause of early-onset bacterial meningitis

Answer 29

Group B Streptococcus

Question 30

have longer latent periods
between the time of microorganism inoculation and
the appearance of clinical symptoms

Answer 30

Listeria and Candida

Question 31

most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity

Answer 31

congenital anomalies

Question 32

2nd most common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity

Answer 32

prematurity

Question 33

Refers to spontaneous rupture of membranes

occurring before 37 weeks of gestation

Answer 33

Preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM)

Question 34

Major cause of preterm labor with and without intact membranes

Answer 34

intrauterine infections/chorioamnionitis/funisitis

Question 35

The most common microorganisms implicated in

intrauterine infections leading to preterm labor are

Answer 35

Ureaplasma, mycoplasma, gardnerella, trichomonas, gonorrhea, chlamydia