SKILL ACQUISITION: learning and performance

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

considered to be a more or less permanent change in performance associated with experiences but excluding changes which occur through maturation and degeneration of through alterations in the receptor or effector organs.

Question 2

what is performance?

Answer 2

a more temporary occurrence fluctuating from time to time because of many potentially operating variables we usually use performance to represent the amount of learning that has occurred for the process of learning must be inferred.

Question 3

The 5 typical learning curves

Answer 3

linear
positive
negative
beginners learning curve in one lesson
learning plateau

Question 4

what is a linear learning curve?

Answer 4

the rate of improvement is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the number of practice sessions- there is no constant improvement.

Question 5

What is positive acceleration?

Answer 5

there is an increasing progress in LATER trails rather than earlier ones.

Question 6

what is negative acceleration?

Answer 6

shows that there are greater gains from EARLIER trails rather than later.

Question 7

what is a beginners learning curve?

Answer 7

s- shaped curve a period of positive acceleration followed by a period of negative sessions.

Question 8

what is a learning plateau?

Answer 8

a plateau is a period during which, although there are FLUCTUATIONS from trail to trail, there is NO definitive change in the performance measured.

Question 9

what causes a learning plateau?

Answer 9

motivation
boredom
coaching
limit of ability
target
fatigue/injury

Question 10

How does a coach overcome a players lack in motivation?

Answer 10

vary sessions, use variable principles and offer tangible rewards.

Question 11

How does a coach overcome a players boardom?

Answer 11

try a varied coaching method and offer tangible results.

Question 12

How does a coach overcome a players limit of ability?

Answer 12

allow the performer to compete against others at the same ability.

Question 13

How does a coach overcome a players coaching difficulties?

Answer 13

try a varied coaching method and try an alternative coach.

Question 14

How does a coach overcome a player wanting targets?

Answer 14

set goals using SMART principles

Question 15

How does a coach overcome a players fatigue/injury?

Answer 15

allow the performer to rest and use disturbed practice.

Question 16

What are the three stages of learning?

Answer 16

cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage

Question 17

characteristics of the cognitive stage?

Answer 17

Th learner doesn’t know the motor programme.
visual guidance is needed
eccentric feedback is also required
learner will develop through trail and error
e.g. learning the forehand technique and not focusing on the outcome.

Question 18

characteristics of associative learning

Answer 18

the learner knows the motor programme
lots of practice is needed to develop the skill
less errors will be made- but they will still learn through failing.
this is when the learner will begin to think about the outcome.
e.g. forehand crosscourt and deep

Question 19

what is the autonomous learning stage?

Answer 19

the skill becomes habitual
the learner will make very few errors
the learner may begin to vary the skill
e.g. adding slice onto the forehand