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Skeleton, bone bio and joints Flashcards

week 4 (70 cards)

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1
Q

What makes up 2/3 of the Extracellular matrix and proved 65% of compression strength?

A

inorganic components of the ECM

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2
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

mesenchymal stem cells

found in endosteum and periosteum

mitotically products stem cells

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2
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitors

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

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3
Q

What is the function of osteocytes and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts – form bone matrix and bone deposition

Osteocytes – maintain matrix and communicate

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of osteoclasts?

A

large, multinucleate cells that dissolve in bone and release Ca.

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5
Q

What type of bone makes up the internal and external surfaces of the bone respectively?

A

internal = cancellous/ spongy

external= compact

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6
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

= cylinders arranged parallel to each other

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7
Q

What are the canalicului and what do they allow?

A

little canals in ECM between lacunae. Contain slender osteocytes= communication and exchange of nutrients and wastes.

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8
Q

Perforating (volkmann’s)

A

perpendicular connections to central canal.

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9
Q

What are the three main canals of compact bone?

A

Central canal
Cannaliculi
Perforating

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10
Q

Do compact or cancellous bones contain osteons?

A

Compact

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Elongated cylindrical shaft, surrounds medullary cavity

Mostly compact bone

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobby, enlarged regions

Mostly spongy

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13
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared region between epi and diaphysis

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14
Q

Articular cartlidge structure and function

A

Thin layer of hyaline Cartlidge covering epiphysis

Reduces friction and absorbs shock

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15
Q

Medullary cavity structure and function.

A

Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

lightens bone

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

CT surrounding diaphysis

covers most external surafces

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

thin membrane lining medullary cavity

covers most internal surfaces

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18
Q

Periosteum function

A

Anchor for blood vessels and nerves

Contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblast = active remodeling, growth and fracture repair.

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19
Q

Endosteum function

A

covers internal surafces

Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and osteoblast = active remodeling, growth and fracture repair.

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20
Q

What is ossification and when does it occur?

A

formation and development of bone
8th wk of development –> adulthood

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21
Q

What are the two patterns of ossification?

A

Intramebrous ossification

endochondral ossification

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22
Q

What does intramembranous ossification arise from and produce?

A

from mesenchyme cells

= flat bones, skull, facial bones, mandible and central portion of clavicle.

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23
Q

What does Endochondral ossification arise from and produce?

A

Begins with hyaline Cartlidge model

Produces majority of bones in body

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24
What are the first three stpes of Endochondral ossification and when do they occur?
In utero Hyaline Cartlidge template formed by Cartlidge template continues to grow Primary ossification center appears:
25
What are the 4th and 5th steps of Endochondral ossifcation and when does it occur?
Birth Formation of medullary cavity: elongation of osteoclast action of trabeculae, Diaphyseal wall become compact bone A secondary ossification center appear
26
What is the 6th step of Endochondral ossification and when does it occur?
postnatal hyaline Cartlidge forms at growth plate (allows for growth until late adolesence)
27
Describe the deposition of osetoblasts
Osteoblasts produce and secrete organic component (osteoid) which undergo mineralization = mature bone Large GA = involved in much secretion
28
when bone formation ends, what happens to the osteoblasts?
They mature into osteocytes
29
What are the two aspects of bone remodeling?
Deposition by osetoblasts Bone reabsorption by osteoclasts
30
what does bone reabsorption create?
Howships lucuna
31
What is osteoporosis and what bone type does it affect first?
Bone resorption (osteoclasts) outpaces deposition (osteoblasts) Affects cancellous bone first
32
What are the four overall steps in bone repair?
Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodelling
33
What occurs during hematome formation?
Broken blood vessels hemorrhage Clotted blood accumulates and bone cells start to die
34
What occurs during fibrocartilaginous callus formation?
Callus splint ends New capillaries Phagocytes clean up dead tissue, fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts begin reconstruction.
35
What occurs in bony callus formation? and how long does it take?
Hard callus Bone trabeculae form (about 2 months)
36
what occurs in bone remodelling of a fracture and how long does it take?
Excess bone removed Compact bone made from shaft walls Many months to complete
37
What is an impacted fracture?
impacted ends of the bone jammed together
38
What does angulation refer to?
angle of bones relative to eachother
39
Displacement
% bone not touching eachother
40
what must be mentioned when describing a fracture?
Bone open/ closed location type length angulation rotation displacement
41
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous Bones held together by collagen fibres Cartilaginous bones held together by cartilage Synovial Bones have a synovial cavity and are joined by dense irregular CT
42
What are the three functional classifications of joints
Synarthroses Immobile joints Amphiarthroses Slightly mobile joints Diarthroses Freely mobile joints
43
What are the three types of Fibrous bones?
Sutures: thin later of DFCT between skull bones Interosseous membranes: a sheet of dense irregular CT spans two bones Syndesmoses: wider distance between two bones.
44
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage connects bones (e.g. epiphyses) Symphyses: Hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage connects bones (e.g. pubic symphysis)
45
What is the purpose of a inner synovial membrane?
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages Absorbs shock during compression of joint
46
What type of CT does the outer fibrous layer have and why?
Dense irregular CT = strengthens joint
47
What is synovial fluid?
From blood in synovial membrane In all free spaces within joint and articular cartilage
48
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Function: Weight bearing, reduces friction and supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes from underlying cartilage.
49
Role of Hyaline in Articlar capsule
Articular surfaces in synovial joints covered by hyaline cartilage (prevents bone-bone) Tough, flexible and resilient = cushioning and support
50
What type of CT is in ligaments and what is the function of a ligament?
Join bone- bone = helps stabiles joints Dense regular fibrous connective tissue
51
Name two synovial joint accessories and their functions.
Bursae: sac outside of synovial joint where ligaments, muscles, tendons and bones rub up. Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons where tendons rub each other. Especially in wrist and ankle.
52
How are synovial joints functionally classified?
number of movements: uniaxial (one plane), biaxial or multiaxial.
53
How are synovial joints structurally joined?
shape of articular surfaces
54
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Plane joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Condylar joints Saddle joints Ball-and-socket joints
55
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a plane joint
Functional: Biaxial (most) or multiaxial Movement: Gliding/sliding (Side-side, back-forth and sometimes rotary) Structural Articulated surface = flat/slightly curved Example: intertarsal joints
56
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a Hinge joint
Uniaxial diarthrosis Convex surface, fits on concave surface Flexion and extension Elbow joint
57
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a pivot joint
Biaxial diarthrosis Rounded or pointed surface Fits into ring from bone/ligament Rotation Radioulnar joints
58
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a condyloid joint
Biaxial diarthrosis Oval shaped Fits into oval depression Flexion, abduction, extension and adduction Radiocarpal joint
59
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a saddle joint
Biaxial diarthrosis Saddle shaped -surface of bone it sits in = saddle Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction First carpometacarpal
60
Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a ball and socket joint
Triaxial diathrosis Ball-like surface fits in cup like depression Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation Hip joint/ shoulder joint
61
What demands does the upper limb meet?
movement and strength
62
What demands does the lower limb meet?
stability and movement
63
What determines the strength and mobility of a joint?
1. the length  and  location  of l igaments 2. the shape  of  bone  ends  and  bony  congruity
64
What is the function of Osteoprogenitors?
mitotically produce more stem cells or osteoblasts
65
What is the function of osteocytes?
maintain matrix and communicate between osteoblasts = further deposit of bone matrix
66
what is the function of osteoclasts?
dissolve bone to release Ca
67
where do bones grow from lenght?
Bone grows in lengths from epiphyseal plate
68
what is it called when bone grows in width?
appositional growth (osteoblast and osteoclast action)
69
How does osteoporosis affect the bone?
Trabeculaw becomes free standing (cannot transmit / withstand same mount of force)

MSS (18 decks)

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