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MSS > Skeleton, bone bio and joints > Flashcards

Skeleton, bone bio and joints Flashcards

week 4

1
Q

What makes up 2/3 of the Extracellular matrix and proved 65% of compression strength?

A

inorganic components of the ECM

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2
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

mesenchymal stem cells

found in endosteum and periosteum

mitotically products stem cells

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2
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitors

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

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3
Q

What is the function of osteocytes and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts – form bone matrix and bone deposition

Osteocytes – maintain matrix and communicate

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of osteoclasts?

A

large, multinucleate cells that dissolve in bone and release Ca.

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5
Q

What type of bone makes up the internal and external surfaces of the bone respectively?

A

internal = cancellous/ spongy

external= compact

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6
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone

= cylinders arranged parallel to each other

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7
Q

What are the canalicului and what do they allow?

A

little canals in ECM between lacunae. Contain slender osteocytes= communication and exchange of nutrients and wastes.

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8
Q

Perforating (volkmann’s)

A

perpendicular connections to central canal.

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9
Q

What are the three main canals of compact bone?

A

Central canal
Cannaliculi
Perforating

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10
Q

Do compact or cancellous bones contain osteons?

A

Compact

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Elongated cylindrical shaft, surrounds medullary cavity

Mostly compact bone

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12
Q

Epiphysis

A

Knobby, enlarged regions

Mostly spongy

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13
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared region between epi and diaphysis

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14
Q

Articular cartlidge structure and function

A

Thin layer of hyaline Cartlidge covering epiphysis

Reduces friction and absorbs shock

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15
Q

Medullary cavity structure and function.

A

Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis

lightens bone

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

CT surrounding diaphysis

covers most external surafces

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

thin membrane lining medullary cavity

covers most internal surfaces

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18
Q

Periosteum function

A

Anchor for blood vessels and nerves

Contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblast = active remodeling, growth and fracture repair.

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19
Q

Endosteum function

A

covers internal surafces

Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts and osteoblast = active remodeling, growth and fracture repair.

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20
Q

What is ossification and when does it occur?

A

formation and development of bone
8th wk of development –> adulthood

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21
Q

What are the two patterns of ossification?

A

Intramebrous ossification

endochondral ossification

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22
Q

What does intramembranous ossification arise from and produce?

A

from mesenchyme cells

= flat bones, skull, facial bones, mandible and central portion of clavicle.

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23
Q

What does Endochondral ossification arise from and produce?

A

Begins with hyaline Cartlidge model

Produces majority of bones in body

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24
Q

What are the first three stpes of Endochondral ossification and when do they occur?

A

In utero

Hyaline Cartlidge template formed by

Cartlidge template continues to grow

Primary ossification center appears:

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25
Q

What are the 4th and 5th steps of Endochondral ossifcation and when does it occur?

A

Birth

Formation of medullary cavity: elongation of osteoclast action of trabeculae, Diaphyseal wall become compact bone

A secondary ossification center appear

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26
Q

What is the 6th step of Endochondral ossification and when does it occur?

A

postnatal

hyaline Cartlidge forms at growth plate (allows for growth until late adolesence)

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27
Q

Describe the deposition of osetoblasts

A

Osteoblasts produce and secrete organic component (osteoid) which undergo mineralization = mature bone

Large GA = involved in much secretion

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28
Q

when bone formation ends, what happens to the osteoblasts?

A

They mature into osteocytes

29
Q

What are the two aspects of bone remodeling?

A

Deposition by osetoblasts
Bone reabsorption by osteoclasts

30
Q

what does bone reabsorption create?

A

Howships lucuna

31
Q

What is osteoporosis and what bone type does it affect first?

A

Bone resorption (osteoclasts) outpaces deposition (osteoblasts)

Affects cancellous bone first

32
Q

What are the four overall steps in bone repair?

A

Hematoma formation

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Bony callus formation

Bone remodelling

33
Q

What occurs during hematome formation?

A

Broken blood vessels hemorrhage

Clotted blood accumulates and bone cells start to die

34
Q

What occurs during fibrocartilaginous callus formation?

A

Callus splint ends

New capillaries

Phagocytes clean up dead tissue, fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts begin reconstruction.

35
Q

What occurs in bony callus formation? and how long does it take?

A

Hard callus

Bone trabeculae form (about 2 months)

36
Q

what occurs in bone remodelling of a fracture and how long does it take?

A

Excess bone removed

Compact bone made from shaft walls

Many months to complete

37
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

impacted ends of the bone jammed together

38
Q

What does angulation refer to?

A

angle of bones relative to eachother

39
Q

Displacement

A

% bone not touching eachother

40
Q

what must be mentioned when describing a fracture?

A

Bone
open/ closed
location
type
length
angulation
rotation
displacement

41
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous
Bones held together by collagen fibres

Cartilaginous
bones held together by cartilage

Synovial
Bones have a synovial cavity and are joined by dense irregular CT

42
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthroses
Immobile joints

Amphiarthroses
Slightly mobile joints

Diarthroses
Freely mobile joints

43
Q

What are the three types of Fibrous bones?

A

Sutures: thin later of DFCT between skull bones

Interosseous membranes: a sheet of dense irregular CT spans two bones

Syndesmoses: wider distance between two bones.

44
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses: hyaline cartilage connects bones (e.g. epiphyses)

Symphyses: Hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage connects bones (e.g. pubic symphysis)

45
Q

What is the purpose of a inner synovial membrane?

A

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilages

Absorbs shock during compression of joint

46
Q

What type of CT does the outer fibrous layer have and why?

A

Dense irregular CT = strengthens joint

47
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

From blood in synovial membrane

In all free spaces within joint and articular cartilage

48
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Function: Weight bearing, reduces friction and supplies oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes from underlying cartilage.

49
Q

Role of Hyaline in Articlar capsule

A

Articular surfaces in synovial joints covered by hyaline cartilage (prevents bone-bone)

Tough, flexible and resilient = cushioning and support

50
Q

What type of CT is in ligaments and what is the function of a ligament?

A

Join bone- bone = helps stabiles joints

Dense regular fibrous connective tissue

51
Q

Name two synovial joint accessories and their functions.

A

Bursae: sac outside of synovial joint where ligaments, muscles, tendons and bones rub up.

Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons where tendons rub each other. Especially in wrist and ankle.

52
Q

How are synovial joints functionally classified?

A

number of movements: uniaxial (one plane), biaxial or multiaxial.

53
Q

How are synovial joints structurally joined?

A

shape of articular surfaces

54
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane joints

Hinge joints

Pivot joints

Condylar joints

Saddle joints

Ball-and-socket joints

55
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a plane joint

A

Functional: Biaxial (most) or multiaxial

Movement: Gliding/sliding (Side-side, back-forth and sometimes rotary)

Structural Articulated surface = flat/slightly curved

Example: intertarsal joints

56
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial diarthrosis

Convex surface, fits on concave surface

Flexion and extension

Elbow joint

57
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a pivot joint

A

Biaxial diarthrosis

Rounded or pointed surface
Fits into ring from bone/ligament

Rotation

Radioulnar joints

58
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a condyloid joint

A

Biaxial diarthrosis

Oval shaped
Fits into oval depression

Flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

Radiocarpal joint

59
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a saddle joint

A

Biaxial diarthrosis

Saddle shaped
-surface of bone it sits in = saddle

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

First carpometacarpal

60
Q

Describe the structural and functional classification, movement and example of a ball and socket joint

A

Triaxial diathrosis

Ball-like surface fits in cup like depression

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation

Hip joint/ shoulder joint

61
Q

What demands does the upper limb meet?

A

movement and strength

62
Q

What demands does the lower limb meet?

A

stability and movement

63
Q

What determines the strength and mobility of a joint?

A
  1. the length and location ofl igaments
  2. the shape of bone ends and bony congruity
64
Q

What is the function of Osteoprogenitors?

A

mitotically produce more stem cells or osteoblasts

65
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

maintain matrix and communicate between osteoblasts = further deposit of bone matrix

66
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A

dissolve bone to release Ca

67
Q

where do bones grow from lenght?

A

Bone grows in lengths from epiphyseal plate

68
Q

what is it called when bone grows in width?

A

appositional growth (osteoblast and osteoclast action)

69
Q

How does osteoporosis affect the bone?

A

Trabeculaw becomes free standing (cannot transmit / withstand same mount of force)

MSS (18 decks)

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