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MSS revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names and numbers for the 5 cranial nerves we need to know?

A

CN V Trigeminal
CN VII Facial
CN X Vagus (see in neck)
CN XI Accessory
CN XII Hypoglossal

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2
Q

What are the contents of the Tarsal Tunnel?

A

Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
tibial nerve
Flexor Hallus longus

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3
Q

What does the muscles: SGT insert onto and what muscles make up SGT?

A

pes anserius

Satoris
Gracilis
Semitendonous

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4
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery branch into?

A

lateral and medial plantar

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5
Q

what does the lateral plantar artery branch into?

A

deep plantar arch = metatarsal and digital arteries

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6
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery branch into?

A

Dorsal pedis –> Deep plantar artery and arcuute artery –> dorsal metatarsal and digital arteries

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7
Q

What are the major arteries of the UL?

A

Subclavian –> axillary –> brachial –> ulnar and radial

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8
Q

what are the major veins of the UL?

A

cephalic and basilic –> axillary –> brachial -> subclavian

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9
Q

What should you always write when referring to a dermatome?

A

(dermatome) spinal ROOT

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10
Q

what is the Anterior Drawer test (how and what testing)

A

Test where the dr PULLS the tibia FORWARDS in relation to femur

tests the ACL stability

if positive (tibia moves excessively forwards) = INDICATES a torn ACL>

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11
Q

what is a positive trendelenurg sign?

A

When standing on one leg, the pelvis dips down on the unsupported side (due to superior gluteal nerve lesion)

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12
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome? (cause and functional issues)

A

Compression of the median nerve due to overuse, swelling of tendons (and nowhere to release pressure) or pregnancy

Functional issues
-thenar muscle weakness, loss of cutaneous innervation to palm and sensory feedback to how tight to hold items.

-innervates 1st and 2nd lumbicals but movement still possible due to FDP, FDS and ED movement.

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13
Q

How do you find the spot for a lumbar puncture?

A

ask the patient to lie with back flexed

Find the top of the iliac and draw a line joining the crest and the tip of L4 spinous process

= L4?L5 IV disc

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14
Q

What is the lesion caused by damage to the median nerve?

A

Carpal tunnel

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15
Q

what is a common lesion that results from a mid-shaft humerus fracture?

A

Radial Palsy

damage to the radial nerve

muscles innervated by the radial nerve below the lesion will be damaged:
- all EXTENSORS of wrist, thumb and fingers
-brachioradialis, supinator, abductor pollis longus

= wrist drop

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16
Q

If the radial nerve is damaged in the region of the WRIST, what would be the difference in functional loss compared to proximal lesion?

where might the radial nerve be damaged here?

A

NO Wrist drop

ONLY= sensory loss to hand (lat dorsal side and lateral aspect of base of thumb)

where:
region of the snuffbox

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17
Q

what is the cause of Claw Hand?

what muscles are likely to be affected?

A

ulnar nerve lesion

muscles
-1st dorsal interosseous= wasted
-dorsal interossei, medial 2 lumbricals, hypothenar muscles and adductor pollicis.

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18
Q

if an ulnar lesion occurs more proximally (above elbow joint) what would be different?

(vs at wrist)

A

SAME functioal loss of hand but LESS CLAWING of 4th and 5th IP joints.

this is because medial 1/2 of FDP is affected so IP cant flex.

radial deviation during wrist flexion due to loss of FCU

loss of power in wrist abduction as FCU and ECU usually work together

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19
Q

outline the steps in Endochondral ossification (untill birth)

A

1: Hyaline cartilage template formed

2: cartilage template continues to grow (bone collar from around diaphysis and chondrocyte die)

3: pri ossifcation centre appears (blood vessels enter cavity, bone replaces cartlidge)

4: formation of medullary cavity: diaphyseal wall becomes compact

5: secondary ossification centre appears: cancellous becomes more compact, marrow cavity created.

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20
Q

what are the ligaments of the clavicle and scapula?

A

coracoclavicular L and acromioclavicular L = Acrominoclavocualr Joint

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21
Q

what are the ligaments of the GH joint?

A

Coracoacromial ligament = overlies head of humerus to prevent superior displacement

GH ligament = reinforces anterior part of joint capsule

coracohumeral ligament

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22
Q

what are the major stabilisers of the GH joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles and Long head of the biceps brachii

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23
Q

what muscles allow for

a) flexion
b) extension
c) supination
d) pronation

of the elbow joint?

A

a) brachialis, biceps brachii and bracioradials

b) triceps brachii

c) biceps brachii and supinator

d) pronator teres and quadratus

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24
Q

what muscles allow for

a) flexion
b) extension
c) abduction
d) adduction

of the GH joint?

A

a) pec major, deltoid (ANT fibres)

b) lat dorsi, deltoid (POS fibres) , teres major and long head of biceps brachii

c) supraspinatus (first 15) and then deltoid (central)

d) pec major, lat dorsi

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25
Q

what muscles allow for

a) flexion
b) extension
c) abduction
d) adduction

of the radiocarpal joint?

A

a) FCR, palmaris longus, FCU, FDS and FDP

b) ECRL, ECRB, ED and ECU

c) AbPL, FCR, ECRL and ECRB

d) FCU and ECU

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26
Q

what muscles allow for

a) flexion
b) extension
c) abduction
d) adduction
e) med rot
f) lat rot

of the Hip joint?

A

a) iliopsoas, rectus fem, satroius and pectineus

b) gluteus max and hamstrings

c) gluteus (max, med and min) and deep gluteus (piri, S and I gemellis and obturator Internus

d) adductors (long, brevis and magnus), pectinues and gracilis

e) gluteus med and min, adductors, and hamstrings

f) gluteus max, long head of biceps femoris and deep gluteal muscles

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27
Q

what muscles allow for

a) flexion
b) extension
c) lat rot
d) med rot

of the knee joint?

A

a) hamstrings
b) quadriceps
d) biceps femoris
e) semitendonous and membranous

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28
Q

What muscles allow for

a) medial rotation
b) lat rotation

at GH joint?

A

a) subscapularis, pec major and teres major

b) infraspinatus and teres minor

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29
Q

what are the ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

Articular capsule

collateral ligaments (UCL and RCL)

annular ligament = binds radial head to radial notch of ulnar = sup/pro

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30
Q

what are the major stablisers of the elbow joint?

A

Ligaments (all)

muscles (biceps brachii, triceps and brachialis)

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31
Q

which movement at the radiocarpal joint is more limited? why?

A

range of abduction (over adduction)

because radial styloid process extends further distally than ulna styloid process

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32
Q

what are the major ligaments of the spine?

A

posterior longitudinal = avoids hyperflexion

anterior longitudinal = avoids hyperextension

ligamentum flavum = maintains curvatures

suprasinious

interspinious

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33
Q

what is the orientation of facet joints and most faciliated movements at the ZYGAPOPHYSEAL joints of the

a) cervical
b) thoracic
c) lumbar

A

a) transverse plane, flex, ext and rotation (C1 and C2)

b) coronal plane, rotation (limited flex and ext)

c) sagittal plane, limited range of motion, flex and ext still possible

34
Q

what are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A

iliofemoral= holds femoral head in acetabulum whilst standing, limits ext, abd, add and lat rot

pubofemoral= limits ext, abd and lat rot

ischiofem = limits ext, add and med rot

ligament of head of femur= structural support for vessels that provide nutrients

35
Q

what two joints make up the knee joint and what movements can they do?

A

Tibiofemoral
-flex, ext and some rot

patellofemoral
- gliding

36
Q

what ligaments stablise the knee?

A

extracapsular
-patellar
- MCL and LCL = limit rot and lateral movements and taunt in ext

intracapsular
- ACL = taunt in ext and prevemt post displacement of femur

-PCL = taunt in flexion and prevent anterior displacment

37
Q

what ligaments stabilise the talocrural joint?

A

lateral ligaments
- calcaneofibular
-ant and post talofibular

medial/deltoid ligament

38
Q

what muscles allow for

a) dorsiflexion
b) plantarflexion

at the talocrural joint?

A

a) tibs ant, ext digitorum longs and ext hallucis longus

b) gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis post, fibularis longis

39
Q

what joints make up the transverse tarsal joint and what muscles allow for:

a) inversion
b) eversion

at this joint?

A

= talocalcaenavicualr joint and calcaneocuboid

a) tibialis ant and post
b) fibularis longus and brevis

40
Q

what muscles allow for:

a) power grip
b) flexion
c) ext

of the IP joint?

A

a) extrinsic flexor muscles
b) FDS, FDP, lumbricals and interossei
c) Ext incidis, Ext digiti minimi and ED

41
Q

What are the three types of joints in the body?

A

Fibrous
cartliaginious
Synovial

42
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures (thin layer of CT)

syndesmoses (band of dense, irregular CT

interosseous membrane (thick band of dense, irregular CT)

43
Q

what are the two types of cartliaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses - hyaline

Symphyses - fibrocartlidge

44
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

transformation of the bilaminar embryonic disc into a –> trilaminar embryonic disc

45
Q

-What is neurulation and when does it occur?

A

what
transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube

When
notochord stimulates the ectoderm to invaginate

46
Q

outline the steps in excitation- contraction for skeletal muscle

A

AP –> Ca influx across L-gated Channels

ACh released across NMJ

ACh bind to AChrR and releases Na

depolarosation down T-tubules = activation of DHP-Rs

DHP-Rs activate RYR = release of Ca from SR

Ca binds to Troponin C

releases tropomysion and exposes actin active sites

47
Q

what is the function of the erector spinale?

A

bilateral contraction = back ext

back lateral flexion = unilateral contraction

maintenance of posture

48
Q

what is the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

lat rotation
- obturator ext

hip flexion
- pectineus

hip add
-pectineus
-add brev, long and mag
-gracilis

med rotation
- add brev, long and mag

knee flexion
-gracilis

49
Q

what is the action and innervation of the infrahyoids?

A

depresses the hyoid bone

anterior rami C1-C3 through anse cervicalis

50
Q

what is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

gluteus maximus

51
Q

what is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

A

tensor faciate

glutesi med and mini

52
Q

what is the motor and sensory supply of the medial plantar nerve?

A

medial sole

53
Q

what is the motor and sensory supply of the lateral plantar nerve?

A

lat sole of foot
little toe and half 4th toe

54
Q

what does the obturator nerve supply?

A

medial compartment of the thigh

55
Q

what does the lumbosacral trunk supply?

A

sciatic nerve
superior gluteal
inf gluteal
pudenal
nerve to quadratus feoris
nerve to obturator internus

56
Q

what are the muscles of the intermediate and deep region of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Super, Pissed, Polly longs, (to) Quit

FDS
FDP
FPL
PQ

57
Q

what are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis
ECRL
ECRB
ED
EDM
ECU

58
Q

what are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

supinator
abd pollis longus
ext pollis long
ext pollis brevis
ext incidis

59
Q

what are the muscle tendons that make up the snuffbox?

A

abd pollis longus
ext pollis bervis
ext pollis longus

60
Q

what are the muscles that make up the thenar group?

A

The Best (thenar Brevis)

Abductor Pollis Brevis
flexor pollis brevis
Opponens pollis

61
Q

what are the muscle groups that make up the hypothenar group?

A

Abd DM
Flexor DM
Opponens DM

62
Q

What are the muscle groups that make up the hand?

A

Thenar

Hypothenar

Lumbricals

Interessoi

Abductor Pollis

(The Hand lacks interesting Abstract problems)

63
Q

what are the pulses of the head?

A

Temporal, carotid and facial

64
Q

anatomically describe how you would find the temporal pulse?

A

superficial
-anteriorly to the ear and immediately posterior too the position of temporomandibular joint

ant branch
- posterior to zygomatic process if frontal bone as is passes lateral to the temporal fascia

65
Q

Describe, anatomically, how to find the fascial artery

A

palpate where crosses inferior border of mandible, adj to anterior margin of masseter muscle

66
Q

describe, anatomcally how you would find the common and external carotid pulse

A

common
posteriolateral to larynx

external
immediately lateral to the pharynx. midway between the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage and the greater hyoid bone.

67
Q

what pulses are palpable in the upper limb?

A
  • radial pulse (wrist ditsal forearm and anatomical snuffbox)
  • ulnar pulse (wrist)
  • brachial pulse (cubital fossa and midarm)
  • axillary pulse
68
Q

Expalin in anatomical terms how you would find the axillary pulse

A

Found in the axilla, lateral to the apex of skin covering floor of axilla

69
Q

Explain in anatomical terms how you would find the brachial pulses.

A

midarm
-on anterior arm
-in the cleft of biceps brachii and triceps brachii tendon

cubital fossa
-on anterior arm
-medial and superior to the biecps brachii tendon

70
Q

explain in anatomical terms how you would find the ulnar pulse

A

immediately inferior to the lateral margin of the FCU tendon and proximal to the pisiform
-on the anterior arm

71
Q

explain in anatomical terms how you would find the radial pulses

A

anatomical snuffbox
-on the lateral, posterior compartment
-lateral to the EPL, but medial to Abd Pl and EPB tendon

distal forearm:
- ant comparment
radial artery immediately lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis
muscle.

72
Q

what pulses are palpable in the LL?

A

Foot
Posteior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis

LL
femoral pulse
popliteal pulse

73
Q

Explain in anatomical terms how you would find the posterior tibial artery pulse

A

halfway between the calcenous and medial malleolus

74
Q

explain in anatomical terms how you would find the dorsalis pedis pulse?

A

dorsal side of foot, just lateral to the EHL tendon

75
Q

explain in anatomical terms how you would find the femoral pulse.

A

inferior to the inguinal ligament and midway
between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic

76
Q

explain in anatomical terms how you find the popliteal pulse.

A

deep in the popliteal fossa near the midline;

77
Q

name the borders of the Anterior and posterior triangle of the neck.

A

Anterior
lat= ant margin of SCM
sup= inf margin of mandible
med= midline of neck

pos
ant= post margin of SCM
pos= ant margin of trapezius
inferiorly= middle 1/3 clavicle

78
Q

outline the borders of the axilla

A

Ant wall: pec major, pec minor and subclavis

medial wall: serratus ant and thoracic wall

lat wall: pec major, lat dorsi and teres major (lady between 2 majors)

post= subscapularis, lat dorsi, teres major and long head of triceps brachii

floor= skin and fasci from arm

79
Q

Borders of the cubital fossa

A

sup= linebetween medial and lat epicondyles

med= lat margin of pronator teres

lat= med margin of brachioradialis

floor= brachialis and supinator

roof= biciotial aponeursosis

80
Q

borders of the carpal tunnel

A

roof= flexor retinaculum

floor= carpal bones

lat= med surface of trapezium

med= lateral surface of hamate

81
Q

borders of the femoral triangle

A

sup = ingunial ligament

med= adductor longus

lat= satorius

floor = iliopsoas (lat) and pectineus (medially)

82
Q

boundaries of the popliteal fossa

A

superomedial = Semimembranous and tendonous

superolateral = biecs femoris

inferomedial= medial head of gastrocnemius

inferolateral = lateral head of gastrocnemius

MSS (18 decks)

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