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MSS > Nervous system and embryology > Flashcards

Nervous system and embryology Flashcards

week 1

1
Q

Differentiate between visceral and somatic nerve fibres

A

Visceral

messages from organs, viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities

Somatic

Impulses from outside body or via movements of muscles and joints

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2
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

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3
Q

How many lobes does the cerebrum have and what are their functions?

A

Frontal: voluntary motor movement, verbal communication and cognitive skills.

Temporal: Hearing, smell, emotion

Parietal: Conscious awareness of sensations. Somatic sensation and integration.

Occipital: Visual awareness and processing

Insula: pain and visceral sensation. Taste and memory.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Motor learning

Equilibrium and posture

Smoothens movements

Receives proprioceptive information

Coordinates body position.

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5
Q

What is the general function of the Diencephalon and the functions of its two components?

A

General function

Relay info from cerebrum to other functional centers

Two components

Hypothalamus: homeostasis

Thalamus: relay station for sensory impulses

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6
Q

What are the general functions of the Brainstem

A

bidirectional passageway for tracts between the cerebellum and spinal cord

autonomic and reflex centres required for survival

origins of cranial nerves

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7
Q

What are the three components of the brainstem and their functions?

A

Pons: ascending and descending info,

Medulla Oblongata: Autonomic and respiratory

Midbrain: visual and audio

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8
Q

What are the respective gyrus for the Motor and Sensory Homunculus?

A

Motor= Pre-central gyrus (primary cortex)

Sensory= postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

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9
Q

Aspects of Spinal cord structure

A

31 pairs

Motor and sensory

Forms plexuses (web of nerves)

Exit via interverbal foramen

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10
Q

3 sets of plexuses

A

Cervical, Brachial

Lumbar, Saccral

Mixed roots

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11
Q

What are the three horns of Grey Matter in the Spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn
-somatic sensory axons and interneuron cell bodies
-visceral sensory axons and interneuron cell bodies

Lateral horn
-autonomic motor cell bodies (T1-L2)

Ventral horn
-somatic motor cell bodies

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12
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Neural plate bends up and then fuses to from hollow tube.

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14
Q

What is a somite?

A

Transient units that gives rise to repetitive structures including vertebrae, ribs and skeletal muscles.

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15
Q

What is a Sclerotome?

A

Part of a somite that gives rise to a bone or skeletal tissue

Forms vertebral cartilage

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16
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

Forms back of dermis

Area of skin receiving sensory innervation from single spinal nerves dorsal root.

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17
Q

What is myotome?

A

Group of muscles innervated by single spinal nerve root.

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18
Q

Briefly outline embryological development of musculoskeletal system

A

1- Notochord forms mesoderm cells after gastrulation

2- signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at neural plate

3- end of neural plate fuses and disconnects to form a neural tube

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19
Q

Which germ layer does the nervous system develop from

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

What embryonic structure do vertebrae develop from

A

sclerotome

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21
Q

What structure of the spinal cord anchors it securely to the coccyx?

A

The filum terminale

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22
Q

What type of fibers do the posterior (dorsal) roots contain?

A

afferent fibers

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23
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

largest
arises from pons
sensory innervation of the face

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24
Q

Facial nerve

A

motor innervation of facial expression

pons and medulla

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25
Q

vagus nerve

A

main parasympathetic nerve

from medulla

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26
Q

Spinal accessory nerve

A

motor innervation of two neck muscles

from C1-5/6 and medulla

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27
Q

Hypoglossal

A

Motor innervation of tongue

from medial aspect of medulla

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28
Q

What are the four main plexuses of the body?

A

cervical, Brachial, Lumbar and Sacral

29
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortexes?

A

encodes the direction of movement

30
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortexes?

A

processing afferent somatosensory input and contributes to the integration of sensory and motor signals necessary for skilled movement.

31
Q

Which tract carries impulses between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

thick tract of nerves called the corpus callosum at the base of the groove.

32
Q

where are white and grey matter located in the spinal cord

A

grey = interior
white = surrounds

33
Q

what type of fibres carry afferent information in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

34
Q

what type of fibres carry efferent information in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral root

35
Q

Dorsal

A

on or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ.

36
Q

ventral

A

of or relating to the belly : abdominal.

being or located near, on, or toward the lower surface of an animal

37
Q

posterior

A

near the rear or end
further back in position

38
Q

anterior

A

in front of

39
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the center

40
Q

distal

A

away from the centre

41
Q

what is the purpose of the cervical and lumbar enlargements along spinal cord

A

accomadate for the greater number of nerves and connections necessary to process info from uperr and lower limbs

42
Q

Moving from brain to coccogeal, what is the order of spinal regions?

A

Cervical (C1-7)
Thoracic (T1-12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (S1-5)

43
Q

conus medullaris

A

distal end of the spinal cord

44
Q

what are the start and end points of the spinal cord?

A
  1. continuouswiththe brainstem at the level of the foramen magnum
  2. tapers at the conus medullari (continues as the cauda equina) at the level of L1/L2)
45
Q

what anchors the spinal to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale

46
Q

what are the 3 horns of spinal cord grey matter?

A

dorsal horn
lateral horn
ventral horn

47
Q

What are the neuron types of the three horns of the spinal cord grey matter?

A

dorsal
- somatic and visceral sensoryaxons
- interneuroncellbodies

lateral (only sympathetic)
-autonomic motorneuron cellbodies

ventral horn
somaticmotorneuron cellbodies

48
Q

moving from top to bottom, what are the names of the 5 branches of brachial plexuses?

A

musculocutaneous
axillary
radial
median
ulnar

49
Q

what (from top to bottom) are the cords that lead into the branches (plexuses)?

A

lateral –> musculocutaneous and median

posterior –> axillary and radial

medial –> median and ulnar

50
Q

What are the 4 main plexuses and their spinal roots?

A

cervical
-C1-C4
Bracial
- C5-C8, T1
-musculocutaneous
-axillary
-radial
-median
-ulnar
Lumbar
T12-L4
Sacral
-L4-S4

51
Q

Where are sensory neuron cell bodies located?

A

within sensory ganglia which may be in the dorsal root of the spinal cord or along cranial nerves.

52
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

a group of axons acting as a continuation of the spinal cord, translates to ‘horsetail’

53
Q

How are spinal nerves created?

A

union of the dorsal root (from dorsal rootles) and the ventral root (from ventral rootlets)

54
Q

What does dorsal roots and rootlets contain?

A

Dorsal rootlets: somatic and viscera; sensory neuron axons

Dorsal root: sensory neuron axons and ganglion

55
Q

What does ventral rootlets contain?

A

somatic and autonomic motor neurons

56
Q

What foramen do spinal nerves exit from?

A

interverebrael foramen

57
Q

proprioception

A

Awareness of position that requires sensory input from cerebral cortex and cerebellum and motor control.

58
Q

what are the different types of muscle morphology?

A

Pennate:

Fusiform

Parallel

Convergent

Circular

59
Q

What is fusiform and an example.

A

thick muscle belly that tapers on both sides (bicep brachii)

60
Q

Gastrulation

A

Bilaminar embryonic disc –> trilaminar embryonic disc

61
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into?

A

Develops into epidermis, epidermal derivatives (hair/ nails) and nervous system.

62
Q

What are the three strcutures of the mesoderm and what do they develop into?

A

3 structures that develop into various parts

Notochord: axial skeleton

Paraxial mesoderm: develops into somite forming axial skeleton, muscle, dermis and most CT

Head mesenchyme: CT and musculature of fact

63
Q

What occurs GENERALLY in first 8 weeks of muscle embryo development?

A

Gastrulation (halfway wk 2)

Folding of embryonic disc (wk 3)

Neurulation (early wk 4)

Limb development (week 4—8)

64
Q

MSS embryological development
step 1 (gasturlation)

A

transformation from a bilaminar to trilaminar embryonic disc

65
Q

MSS embryological development
2- folding of the embryonic disc

A

(week 3)
- rapid growth of head and tail causes the folding of the embryonic disc into a tube

66
Q

MSS embryological development
3- neurulation

A

(early week 4)
- the notochord stimulates the neural plate to transform into the neural tube

- somites develop and align on either side of the neural tube
    -
67
Q

MSS embryological development
4- limb development

A
  • limb buds, containing a ventral and dorsal muscle mass, form at week 4 (UL before LL)
  • rotation of the limbs at weeks 7-8
    • UL laterally, moving the elbow posterior
    • LL medially, moving the knee anterior
68
Q

during neurulation, what does sclertome, dermatome and myoterm become?

A

sclerotome → vertebrae
- myotome → muscle
- dermatome → dermis

MSS (18 decks)

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