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MSS > Back and Posterior neck > Flashcards

Back and Posterior neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral columm?

A

Protection of spinal cord

Support and attachment

Mobility with rigidity

Posture and locomotion

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2
Q

superiorly to inferiorly, the the size of vertebrae…. due to….

A

increase due to weight of the body

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3
Q

What are the two fused parts of the VC?

A

Sacrum - 5 fused
Coccyx = 3-4 fused

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4
Q

Describe the distsinctive features of cervical vertebrae.

A

Transverse foramen, bifid spinous process

Large triangular vertebral foramen for the cervical enlargement

Articular processes in traverse plane

Vertebral body contains concave superior surface and convex interior surface

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5
Q

What is C1 articulating with in the atlanto-occiptal joint and what movement does it allow for?

A

b) Articulates occipital condyles of occipital bone = flexion and tension

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6
Q

what is C2 articulating with in the atlanto-axial joint?

what movements does this joint allow?

A

facet of C1 (posterior surface of the anterior arch of atlas)

rotation (synovial pivot joint)

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7
Q

What are the unique structural features of C1, C2 and C7.

A

C1: is an atlas bone, lacks a body and spinous process

C2: axis bone, odontoid process = superiorly projecting process

C7: vertebra prominences = smaller transverse foramen than other cervical vertebrae, long spinous process.

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8
Q

Name the distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Distinctive features

Costal facets on transverse processes and vertebral bodies

Long spinous process angled inferiorly (giraffe)

Articular process in coronal plane

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9
Q

Distinctive features of lumbar verebrae.

A

Large vertebral body

Short spinous process

Articular process in sagittal plane

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10
Q

What is the function of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and coccygeal vertebrae respectively?

A

C= support and movement, T= stability, support thoracic cavity and suspend ribs, L= mobility between thorax and pelvis and stability. Coccygeal = support pelvic floor

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal curvatures?

A

enhance flexibility and weight bearing

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12
Q

What are the 2 primary curves? when do they develop? What way do they curve?

A
  1. thoracic and sacral curves (posterior curves)
    1. fetal development - primary

curvature is retained from the original fetal curve

3- posteriorly

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13
Q

What are the 2 secondary curves? when do they develop?

A
  1. cervical and lumbar curves (anterior curves)
    1. develop throughout life as the pressure changes one’s posture

cervical- first few months when baby develops muscles to hold up head

lumbar - when baby starts walking due to weight redistribution - first year

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14
Q

3 joints of the VC.

A

Intervertebral body joints

Zygapophyseal joints

intervertebral joints (costovertebral and costotransverse)

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15
Q

What is the intervertebral body joint and what is its structural joint type, features and functions?

A

joints between vertebral bodies

Structural joint type: cartilaginous symphyseal

features: fibrocartliaginious disc and hyaline cartilage

function: weight bearing

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16
Q

What is the zygaphphyseal joint and what is its functional joint type and structral features and function

A

Joints between vertebral arches

Functional
Synovial plane

Structural features
Planes:
Cervical = transverse
Thoracic= coronal
Lumbar = sagittal
(inf and sup articular processes)

function
keep vertebrae properly aligned
allow movement orientation differs throughout vertebral collum to allow for different movements.

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17
Q

What is the costovertebral joints and what is its functional joint type?

A

Between ribs and lateral thoracic vertebrae

Synovial plane

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18
Q

What is the costotranverse joint and what is its functional joint tpe?

A

between tubercle of rib and transverse process of T1-10

synovial

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19
Q

What does the inner nucleus and outer annulus fibrosus of fibrocartliaginious disc in interverebral bodies allow for?

A

Function

inner nucleus

= shock absorption

-outer annulus fibrosus

= resists tension in any direction

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20
Q

Name the ligaments that support the VC.

A

anterior longitudinal
posterior longitudional
ligmentum flavum
supraspinious
interspinious
nuchal ligament

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21
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament of back and what does it limit?

A
  • lines the anterior aspect of the vertebral body
  • limits extension
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22
Q

Where is the Posterior longitudinal ligament of back and what does it do?

A
  • lines the posterior aspect of vertebral body (anterior aspect of the spinal canal)
  • limits flexion and prevents herniation of IV discs
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23
Q

ligmentum flavum ligament of back

A
  • forms the posterior wall of the vertebral canal
    • elastic (returns vertebrae back to normal after flexion)
    • maintain curvatures (good for posture)
24
Q

supraspinous ligament of back

A

between the apices of the spinous processes

maintains upright position of head

25
Q

interspinous ligament of back

A

between spinous processes

Limits flexion via restricting separation of spinous processes of VC

26
Q

nuchal ligament of back

A

strong, thick ligament

runs along back of neck and extends to posterior aspect of skull

limits flexion of neck

27
Q

Compare the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joint.

A

Atlanto-occipital joint
- Allows flexion and extension and little flexion and rotation

  • Nodding

Atlanto-axial joint
- Dens of axis acts as a pivot to allow rotation of atlas

  • Moving head to say no
28
Q

Name the superficial and intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back.

A

Superficial
-Trapezius
-Latissimus dorsi
-Levator scapulae
-Rhomboids

intermediate
- Serratus posterior superior
- Serratus posterior inferior

29
Q

Name all the muscles (extrinsic and intrinsic,) from most superficial –> deep for the back

A
  1. extrinsic
    a. superficial group
    - trapezius
    - latissimus dorsi
    - levator scapulae
    - rhomboids
    b. intermediate group
    - serratus posterior superior/ inferior
    1. intrinsic
      a. spinotransversales
      - splenius capitis
      - splenius cervicis
      b. erector spinae
      - iliocostalis
      - longissimus
      - spinalis
  2. transversospinales
    - semispinalis
    - multifidus
    - rotatores
30
Q

How does the back complete flexion?

A

Bilateral contraction of:

Internal and external obliques
and
rectus abdominus

31
Q

How does the muscles back display extension?

A

Bilateral contraction of:

Erector spinae

Transversospinales

Quadratus lumborum

32
Q

what gives motor innervation to the back muscles?

A

anterior rami (extrinsic)
posterior rami (intrinsic)

33
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

CT enclosing intrinsic back muscles

34
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior neck?

A

Semispinalis captis
longissimis captis
splenius captis
spleniius cervicis

35
Q

movements of the neck

A

Flexion
Bilateral contraction of SCM

Extension
Bilateral contraction of:
-splenius capitis
-splenius cervicis
-longissimus capitis
-semispinalis capitis

Lateral flexion
Unilateral contraction of SCM and scalenes ‘

Rotation
Unilateral contraction of
-splenius capitis and splenius cervicis (ipsilateral)

  • SCM and scalenes (contralateral)
36
Q

What is the most commonly fractured vertebrae? Why?

A

T12

subject to increased transitional stress

37
Q
  • what landmarks do you use to perform a lumbar puncture?
A
  1. Have the patient lie with their back flexed (fetal position)
  2. draw a horizontal line joining the iliac crest with the tip of the L4 spinous process
    1. this corresponds to the level of the L4/L5 IV disc
38
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral bending of vertebral collumn (usually thoracic)

39
Q

Kyphosis

A

abnormally accentuated posterior curvature of thoracic spine

commonly caused by osteoporosis

40
Q

lordosis

A

abnormally accentuated curvature pf lumbar spine

commonly caused by pregnancy

41
Q

What is the purpose of curves in the vertebral column?

A

provides flexible support with shock absorbing resilience

42
Q

the primary curvatures of the back are concave…

A

anteriorly

43
Q

the secondary curvatures of the back are concave…

A

posteriorly

44
Q

what is the lamina of a typical vertebra?

A

area between spinous process (posterior) and transverse process (lateral)

45
Q

what are the two atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

c1 Atlas
C2 Axis

46
Q

c1 Atlas

A

ring-shaped bone with posterior AND anterior arch, NO body

transverse processes extend further laterally than other cervical vertebrae = levers for muscle action

47
Q

c2 Axis

A

contains an odontoid process on the superior part
= pivot to allow atlas to rotate on an axis

two large flat weight weight-bearing surfaces

is the axis of rotation for the skull to allow for pivoting

48
Q

What is the movement allowed by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flkexion and extension

49
Q

what is the major movement allowed by the atlanto-axial joint?

A

rotation

50
Q

Where is the zygapophysial joint in the cervical vertebrae and what movement does it permit?

A

inferiorly from anterior to posterior

movement in all directions

51
Q

Where is the zygapophysial joint in the thoracic vertebrae and what movement does it permit?

A

coronal place

rotation and lateral bending- but limits flexion and extension

52
Q

Where is the zygapophysial joint in the lumbar vertebrae and what movement does it permit?

A

saggital plane

flexion and extension, limits rotation

53
Q

What joints are in the thoracic region only?

A

Costovertebral joints:
-Joint with head of rib
-Costrotransverse joints

54
Q

Describe the joints with head of rib

A

between head of ribs and posterolateral aspect of bodies

synovial plane joints

synovial compartments separated by intra-articular ligament

55
Q

Describe costotransverse joints

A

between transverse tubercle of ribs and transverse process of vertebrae

strenegthened by the costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments

56
Q

What are the three columns of the Erector spine. State their name and their features.

A

Iliocostalis – most lateral, inserts in ribs and transverse processes of C

Longissimus – LARGEST, inserts into transverse processes

Spinalis – mode MEDIAL and smallest, inserts into spinous processes, usually absent in cervical region

MSS (18 decks)

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