skeletal system test Flashcards
what is the function of the skeletal system
supports the body, protects organs, place for muscles to attach, stores Ca, makes blood
what organs does the skeletal system protect
ribs, sternum, skull, heart
hematopoiesis
making blood
what is the process of making blood
hematopoiesis
what is the variety bones come in
long, short, flat, irregular
what are examples of long bone and what is their function
arms, legs/ support
what is an example of short bone and what is the function
toes, fingers/ mobility
what is an example of a flat bone and what is the function
skull/ protection
what is an example of an irregular bone
kneecap
what age do male bones stop growing
21
what age do female bones stop growing
18
how many bones are in the human body
206
where is the greatest number of bones in the body
hands and feet
are bones dead or alive and what makes then up
alive/ tissue
why are bones alive
so they are able to grow and heal
Periosteium structure and function
a saran wrap covering over the whole bone; contains blood vessels
Cartilage structure and function
shiny bendable tissue at the end of the bone (articular) few blood vessels; slow healing (protection)
Compact bone structure and function
solid (no holes) the middle of the bone; good source of Ca
Spongy bone structure
has holes, the ends of the bone; low in Ca
Red marrow location and function
makes blood, center of the bone
yellow marrow location and function
end of the bone, makes fat
ossification
process of cartilage turning into bone
soft spot
in an infants cranium, the fontanels have not yet fused. very sensitive, gone by age 2.
fontannels
soft flat pieces of cartilage that make up a babies skull. don’t ossify until 2 so that birth is easier and the brain can grow.
one of them
osteoclasts
eat cartilage and primitive bone cells appear (osteoblasts)
starts at the primary ossification center and works its way out towards the epiphysis
osteoblasts
primitive bone cells that mature into osteocytes
diaphysis
primary ossification center, one of them, where ossification starts
epiphysis
ends of the bone, secondary ossification center, two of them
epiphyseal disks
last place for cartilage to turn into bone(growth plate)
what are Haversian canals
concentric circles of blood vessels and cells ( spiral)
microscopic view of bone
what makes up the axial skeleton
cranium, vertebrae, thorax
cranium common name
skull
vertebrae common name
back bone
thorax common name
chest
how many bones are in the axial skeleton
80
skull structure and function
protects the brain, sinuses, cartilage in an infants skull to make birth easier, allows brain to grow
sinuses
depressions in the skull, lightens weight of head
sinusitis
sinusitis
cavities around the nasal passages becomes inflamed
what allows the brain to grow in infants
the fontanels
what are the bones in the skull
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
foramen magnum
hole in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through
temporal
sides of cranium ( 2 of them)
parietal
the roof of the cranium
2 of them
occipital
back of the cranium
frontal
front of the cranium ( forehead)
how many ear bones do we have
3
what is the smallest bone in the body
ear bone
can ear bones be fixed
yes
facial bones
hyoid, mandible, maxillary
hyiod
anchored by muscles, aids tongue in movement and swallowing, horseshoe shaped
mandible
lower jaw, only bone that moves for eating and talking
maxillary
upper jaw, doesnt move
sternum
breast bone that protects the heart, ribs are attached to it, looks like a mans tie
xiphoid process
cartilaginous but ossifies during adult life. located at the end of the sternum, not attached to any ribs
what is the bone that paramedics feel for
xiphoid process
what is the function of ribs and def
protect the lungs, 12 pairs
true ribs
1-8/ directly hooked to sternum and back
false ribs
9-12/ attach through cartilage to the back and sternum
floating ribs
11-12/ only attach to the back, not connected to sternum, can stab your lungs if broken
spare ribs
muscles
what does the vertebrae consist of
atlas, axis, cerviacal, thoracic, lumbar
atlas
yes
axis
no
cervical
7- whiplash, top
thoracic
12- upper and middle back
lumbar
5- end
intervertebral disks
cartilage, largest structures in the body without a vascular supply, acts as cushion between the vertebral body
herniated
a slipped disk- bleeding or out of line
kyphosis
hunchback, exaggeration of the thoracic vertebrae
lordosis
swayback, exaggeration of the lumbar vertebrae
scoliosis
one shoulder is higher, curvature of the vertebrae
what is the problem with whiplash
xray cant show it
pelvis
hips/ pelvic girdle
how are females hips different
wider and stronger for birth
sacrum
fusion of 5 bones; wider in women, inner part
spina bifida
sacrum doesnt fully fuse
what happens if an infection gets into the sacrum
affects nerves and they might be paralyzed
coccyx
tailbone, means horse tail, a ton of nerves
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
126
clavicle
collar bone
scapula
shoulder bone,contains bursa( sacks of liquid) bursitis
bursa
bag filled with jelly like fluid (cussion)
bursitis
swollen bursa
femur
thighbone ; longest bone (big supply of marrow)
longest bone in the body
femur
patella
kneecap (sesmoid bone)< looks like sesame seed
Arthroscopic surgery
Arthroscopic surgery
2 hole/ camera/ fast healing/ non invasive
Tibia
shin bone (front); shin splints- yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on tibia
shin splints
yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on the tibia
Fibula
calf bone (back)
Tarsals
7- ankle
metatarsals
5 arch “flat feet”
purpose of an arch
helps distribute weight
phalanges
(14) toes; bunions< growth on big toe
bunion
growth on big toe
how many bones does you big toe have
2
how many bones does every toe except the big toe have
3
Humorous
upper arm bone- ends have many nerves
radius
lower arm bone (up from thumb)
ulna
lower arm bone (up from pinky)
of carpals
(8)
of metacarpals
(5) palm
phalanges
(14) fingers
articulations
place where 2 bones cone together
fibrous
(immovable) sutures
cartilaginous
intervertebral disks
synovial
freely moving with synovial fluid
relationship with synovial fluid with age
synovial fluid decreases as age goes up
hinge
move in one place (knee, elbow)
back and forth up and down
ball and socket
rotate (hips and shoulders)
gliding
wrists and ankles
pivot
crossing over (radius & ulna)
ligament
an elastic band that connects bone to a bone, slow healing and no big blood supply
tendon
an elastic band that connects a bone to a muscle, slow healing, no big blood supply, tendonitis
fracture
a broken bone (simple/ compound)
simple break
clean break
compound break
through skin/ pieces
reduction
open vs closed
surgery vs her hands
to set a bone
dislocation
a bone is forced out of its normal position (luxation- outta place)
hematoma
a bruise
sprain
ligaments or tendons are stretched or pulled
osteoporosis
brittle bones, women after menopause, can affect breathing and digestion. spongy middle kyphosis
what causes osteoporosis
estrogen goes down
what can help osteoporosis
fosamax
arthritis
inflammation at the joints. mobility decreases. sweeling, stiffness, pain, fluid
who get arthritis
every mammal except bats< gravity
osteoarthritis
chronic degeneration of the articular cartilage, eventually bone spurs, inhibit movement. i can feel it in my bones that its going to rain
bone spurs
bone rubbing bone and ends become pointy
Rheumatoid arthritis
onset between 30-40.auto immune, more women, inflammation of the synovial membranes- swelling- articular cartilage deteriorates- scar tissue- crippling, high pain
autoimmune
body doesnt know whats somatic cells or germ cells
-Lupus, MS
Rickets
decrease in Ca and Vitamin D: bowed condition. ribs stick out. more in England bc no sun
where is vitamin D found
in us. Ca triggers vitamin D
Gout
uric acid crystals accumulate at big toe
too much protein, urine becomes sandy
red painful, hot
diet related and can come back “rich mans disease”
what happens in your middle age
sex steroids decrease< estrogen (menopause) with decrease in bone mass
what causes loss of bone mass
demineralization (loss of Ca/minerals from bone matrix)
when does loss of bone mass begin in females
30
when does bone loss accelerate in females
45 as estrogen decreases
how much Ca is lost by age 70 in women
30%
when is bone mass lost in women
every ten years
when does Ca start to decrease in males
60
how much Ca is lost in males every 10 years
3%
what happens when men start to loss Ca
osteoporosis
brittleness
results from decreased rate of protein synthesis (loss of collagen fibers)
what is the most common chest injury
fractured ribs
how can fractured rib bones occur
direct blows or from impact
where do ribs break
at point of greatest force or at curvature (weakest point)
what could happen if your ribs break
could puncture heart, vessels of lungs, trachea, esophagus, bronchi
what is the most common fractured bone with children
broken clavicle
where is the most recent spot to fracture your clavicle
mid-region
luxation
mis bone alignment
what do muscles involve
movement
how do muscles work
in agnostic pairs
agnostic pairs
one muscle stretches while the other one contracts
what are the four parts of an arm muscle
extensor/ flexor (triceps/ biceps)
when a muscle is short, what is it doing
working
when a muscle is longer, what is it doing
relaxing
origin
place where muscle begins (on an immovable bone)
Insertion
place where muscle ends (on a movable bone)
skeletal muscle
striated (bands); moves the bones of the skeleton; voluntary; 40%; a lot of blood flow
- parkinson disease
- tongue
how much of muscle is skeletal muscle
40%
Cardiac muscle
branching bands; in the heart; involuntary
intercalated disks> regulate beat
whats different between a women having a heart attach and men
women think it is indigestion and its scarier but men know because they feel it in their left arm
smooth muscle
wavy; in all organs that cannot be control; involuntary (intestines, uterus, stomach)
advil> muscle relaxer
isometric exercise
muscles stretch out against an immovable object
isotonic excercise
muscles push against something that gives < moves
cross training
combination of isotonic and isometric
charley horse
knot in muscles caused from a lack of O2 or dehydration
get rid of it by massaging or using ice
cramps
muscles contracting too fast; get rid of by using a muscle relaxer aka advil
strain
a pulled muscle
steroids
build up muscle mass; long period with side effects< bloating, heal faster+ repair
- cortisone
- prednisone
anaerobic exercise
(lack of O2) muscle fatigue occurs; glucose changes to lactic acid + travels to liver as glycogen < store glucose
“second wind” gulp of O2
Aerobic excercise
fast heart respiratory, NS rate # of mitochondria goes up
- swimming and jogging
