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biology qt3 > skeletal system test > Flashcards

skeletal system test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the skeletal system

A

supports the body, protects organs, place for muscles to attach, stores Ca, makes blood

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2
Q

what organs does the skeletal system protect

A

ribs, sternum, skull, heart

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3
Q

hematopoiesis

A

making blood

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4
Q

what is the process of making blood

A

hematopoiesis

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5
Q

what is the variety bones come in

A

long, short, flat, irregular

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6
Q

what are examples of long bone and what is their function

A

arms, legs/ support

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7
Q

what is an example of short bone and what is the function

A

toes, fingers/ mobility

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8
Q

what is an example of a flat bone and what is the function

A

skull/ protection

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9
Q

what is an example of an irregular bone

A

kneecap

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10
Q

what age do male bones stop growing

A

21

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11
Q

what age do female bones stop growing

A

18

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12
Q

how many bones are in the human body

A

206

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13
Q

where is the greatest number of bones in the body

A

hands and feet

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14
Q

are bones dead or alive and what makes then up

A

alive/ tissue

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15
Q

why are bones alive

A

so they are able to grow and heal

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16
Q

Periosteium structure and function

A

a saran wrap covering over the whole bone; contains blood vessels

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17
Q

Cartilage structure and function

A

shiny bendable tissue at the end of the bone (articular) few blood vessels; slow healing (protection)

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18
Q

Compact bone structure and function

A

solid (no holes) the middle of the bone; good source of Ca

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19
Q

Spongy bone structure

A

has holes, the ends of the bone; low in Ca

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20
Q

Red marrow location and function

A

makes blood, center of the bone

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21
Q

yellow marrow location and function

A

end of the bone, makes fat

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22
Q

ossification

A

process of cartilage turning into bone

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23
Q

soft spot

A

in an infants cranium, the fontanels have not yet fused. very sensitive, gone by age 2.

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24
Q

fontannels

A

soft flat pieces of cartilage that make up a babies skull. don’t ossify until 2 so that birth is easier and the brain can grow.
one of them

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25
Q

osteoclasts

A

eat cartilage and primitive bone cells appear (osteoblasts)

starts at the primary ossification center and works its way out towards the epiphysis

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26
Q

osteoblasts

A

primitive bone cells that mature into osteocytes

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27
Q

diaphysis

A

primary ossification center, one of them, where ossification starts

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28
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of the bone, secondary ossification center, two of them

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29
Q

epiphyseal disks

A

last place for cartilage to turn into bone(growth plate)

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30
Q

what are Haversian canals

A

concentric circles of blood vessels and cells ( spiral)

microscopic view of bone

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31
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton

A

cranium, vertebrae, thorax

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32
Q

cranium common name

A

skull

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33
Q

vertebrae common name

A

back bone

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34
Q

thorax common name

A

chest

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35
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80

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36
Q

skull structure and function

A

protects the brain, sinuses, cartilage in an infants skull to make birth easier, allows brain to grow

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37
Q

sinuses

A

depressions in the skull, lightens weight of head

sinusitis

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38
Q

sinusitis

A

cavities around the nasal passages becomes inflamed

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39
Q

what allows the brain to grow in infants

A

the fontanels

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40
Q

what are the bones in the skull

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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41
Q

foramen magnum

A

hole in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through

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42
Q

temporal

A

sides of cranium ( 2 of them)

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43
Q

parietal

A

the roof of the cranium

2 of them

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44
Q

occipital

A

back of the cranium

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45
Q

frontal

A

front of the cranium ( forehead)

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46
Q

how many ear bones do we have

A

3

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47
Q

what is the smallest bone in the body

A

ear bone

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48
Q

can ear bones be fixed

A

yes

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49
Q

facial bones

A

hyoid, mandible, maxillary

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50
Q

hyiod

A

anchored by muscles, aids tongue in movement and swallowing, horseshoe shaped

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51
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw, only bone that moves for eating and talking

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52
Q

maxillary

A

upper jaw, doesnt move

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53
Q

sternum

A

breast bone that protects the heart, ribs are attached to it, looks like a mans tie

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54
Q

xiphoid process

A

cartilaginous but ossifies during adult life. located at the end of the sternum, not attached to any ribs

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55
Q

what is the bone that paramedics feel for

A

xiphoid process

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56
Q

what is the function of ribs and def

A

protect the lungs, 12 pairs

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57
Q

true ribs

A

1-8/ directly hooked to sternum and back

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58
Q

false ribs

A

9-12/ attach through cartilage to the back and sternum

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59
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12/ only attach to the back, not connected to sternum, can stab your lungs if broken

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60
Q

spare ribs

A

muscles

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61
Q

what does the vertebrae consist of

A

atlas, axis, cerviacal, thoracic, lumbar

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62
Q

atlas

A

yes

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63
Q

axis

A

no

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64
Q

cervical

A

7- whiplash, top

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65
Q

thoracic

A

12- upper and middle back

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66
Q

lumbar

A

5- end

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67
Q

intervertebral disks

A

cartilage, largest structures in the body without a vascular supply, acts as cushion between the vertebral body

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68
Q

herniated

A

a slipped disk- bleeding or out of line

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69
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback, exaggeration of the thoracic vertebrae

70
Q

lordosis

A

swayback, exaggeration of the lumbar vertebrae

71
Q

scoliosis

A

one shoulder is higher, curvature of the vertebrae

72
Q

what is the problem with whiplash

A

xray cant show it

73
Q

pelvis

A

hips/ pelvic girdle

74
Q

how are females hips different

A

wider and stronger for birth

75
Q

sacrum

A

fusion of 5 bones; wider in women, inner part

76
Q

spina bifida

A

sacrum doesnt fully fuse

77
Q

what happens if an infection gets into the sacrum

A

affects nerves and they might be paralyzed

78
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone, means horse tail, a ton of nerves

79
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

80
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

81
Q

scapula

A

shoulder bone,contains bursa( sacks of liquid) bursitis

82
Q

bursa

A

bag filled with jelly like fluid (cussion)

83
Q

bursitis

A

swollen bursa

84
Q

femur

A

thighbone ; longest bone (big supply of marrow)

85
Q

longest bone in the body

A

femur

86
Q

patella

A

kneecap (sesmoid bone)< looks like sesame seed

Arthroscopic surgery

87
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

A

2 hole/ camera/ fast healing/ non invasive

88
Q

Tibia

A

shin bone (front); shin splints- yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on tibia

89
Q

shin splints

A

yanked or pulled tendons or ligaments on the tibia

90
Q

Fibula

A

calf bone (back)

91
Q

Tarsals

A

7- ankle

92
Q

metatarsals

A

5 arch “flat feet”

93
Q

purpose of an arch

A

helps distribute weight

94
Q

phalanges

A

(14) toes; bunions< growth on big toe

95
Q

bunion

A

growth on big toe

96
Q

how many bones does you big toe have

A

2

97
Q

how many bones does every toe except the big toe have

A

3

98
Q

Humorous

A

upper arm bone- ends have many nerves

99
Q

radius

A

lower arm bone (up from thumb)

100
Q

ulna

A

lower arm bone (up from pinky)

101
Q

of carpals

A

(8)

102
Q

of metacarpals

A

(5) palm

103
Q

phalanges

A

(14) fingers

104
Q

articulations

A

place where 2 bones cone together

105
Q

fibrous

A

(immovable) sutures

106
Q

cartilaginous

A

intervertebral disks

107
Q

synovial

A

freely moving with synovial fluid

108
Q

relationship with synovial fluid with age

A

synovial fluid decreases as age goes up

109
Q

hinge

A

move in one place (knee, elbow)

back and forth up and down

110
Q

ball and socket

A

rotate (hips and shoulders)

111
Q

gliding

A

wrists and ankles

112
Q

pivot

A

crossing over (radius & ulna)

113
Q

ligament

A

an elastic band that connects bone to a bone, slow healing and no big blood supply

114
Q

tendon

A

an elastic band that connects a bone to a muscle, slow healing, no big blood supply, tendonitis

115
Q

fracture

A

a broken bone (simple/ compound)

116
Q

simple break

A

clean break

117
Q

compound break

A

through skin/ pieces

118
Q

reduction

A

open vs closed
surgery vs her hands
to set a bone

119
Q

dislocation

A

a bone is forced out of its normal position (luxation- outta place)

120
Q

hematoma

A

a bruise

121
Q

sprain

A

ligaments or tendons are stretched or pulled

122
Q

osteoporosis

A

brittle bones, women after menopause, can affect breathing and digestion. spongy middle kyphosis

123
Q

what causes osteoporosis

A

estrogen goes down

124
Q

what can help osteoporosis

A

fosamax

125
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation at the joints. mobility decreases. sweeling, stiffness, pain, fluid

126
Q

who get arthritis

A

every mammal except bats< gravity

127
Q

osteoarthritis

A

chronic degeneration of the articular cartilage, eventually bone spurs, inhibit movement. i can feel it in my bones that its going to rain

128
Q

bone spurs

A

bone rubbing bone and ends become pointy

129
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

onset between 30-40.auto immune, more women, inflammation of the synovial membranes- swelling- articular cartilage deteriorates- scar tissue- crippling, high pain

130
Q

autoimmune

A

body doesnt know whats somatic cells or germ cells

-Lupus, MS

131
Q

Rickets

A

decrease in Ca and Vitamin D: bowed condition. ribs stick out. more in England bc no sun

132
Q

where is vitamin D found

A

in us. Ca triggers vitamin D

133
Q

Gout

A

uric acid crystals accumulate at big toe
too much protein, urine becomes sandy
red painful, hot
diet related and can come back “rich mans disease”

134
Q

what happens in your middle age

A

sex steroids decrease< estrogen (menopause) with decrease in bone mass

135
Q

what causes loss of bone mass

A

demineralization (loss of Ca/minerals from bone matrix)

136
Q

when does loss of bone mass begin in females

A

30

137
Q

when does bone loss accelerate in females

A

45 as estrogen decreases

138
Q

how much Ca is lost by age 70 in women

A

30%

139
Q

when is bone mass lost in women

A

every ten years

140
Q

when does Ca start to decrease in males

A

60

141
Q

how much Ca is lost in males every 10 years

A

3%

142
Q

what happens when men start to loss Ca

A

osteoporosis

143
Q

brittleness

A

results from decreased rate of protein synthesis (loss of collagen fibers)

144
Q

what is the most common chest injury

A

fractured ribs

145
Q

how can fractured rib bones occur

A

direct blows or from impact

146
Q

where do ribs break

A

at point of greatest force or at curvature (weakest point)

147
Q

what could happen if your ribs break

A

could puncture heart, vessels of lungs, trachea, esophagus, bronchi

148
Q

what is the most common fractured bone with children

A

broken clavicle

149
Q

where is the most recent spot to fracture your clavicle

A

mid-region

150
Q

luxation

A

mis bone alignment

151
Q

what do muscles involve

A

movement

152
Q

how do muscles work

A

in agnostic pairs

153
Q

agnostic pairs

A

one muscle stretches while the other one contracts

154
Q

what are the four parts of an arm muscle

A

extensor/ flexor (triceps/ biceps)

155
Q

when a muscle is short, what is it doing

A

working

156
Q

when a muscle is longer, what is it doing

A

relaxing

157
Q

origin

A

place where muscle begins (on an immovable bone)

158
Q

Insertion

A

place where muscle ends (on a movable bone)

159
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated (bands); moves the bones of the skeleton; voluntary; 40%; a lot of blood flow

  • parkinson disease
  • tongue
160
Q

how much of muscle is skeletal muscle

A

40%

161
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

branching bands; in the heart; involuntary

intercalated disks> regulate beat

162
Q

whats different between a women having a heart attach and men

A

women think it is indigestion and its scarier but men know because they feel it in their left arm

163
Q

smooth muscle

A

wavy; in all organs that cannot be control; involuntary (intestines, uterus, stomach)
advil> muscle relaxer

164
Q

isometric exercise

A

muscles stretch out against an immovable object

165
Q

isotonic excercise

A

muscles push against something that gives < moves

166
Q

cross training

A

combination of isotonic and isometric

167
Q

charley horse

A

knot in muscles caused from a lack of O2 or dehydration

get rid of it by massaging or using ice

168
Q

cramps

A

muscles contracting too fast; get rid of by using a muscle relaxer aka advil

169
Q

strain

A

a pulled muscle

170
Q

steroids

A

build up muscle mass; long period with side effects< bloating, heal faster+ repair

  • cortisone
  • prednisone
171
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

(lack of O2) muscle fatigue occurs; glucose changes to lactic acid + travels to liver as glycogen < store glucose
“second wind” gulp of O2

172
Q

Aerobic excercise

A

fast heart respiratory, NS rate # of mitochondria goes up

- swimming and jogging

biology qt3 (26 decks)

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