Skeletal System, Skin, & Bone Flashcards
Poll
The top of the head or the region where the skull meets the neck
Throatlatch
The area of a horse’s head and neck where the throat meets the lower jaw or mandible
Crest
The upper part of the neck of a horse, particularly the region along the top of the neck where the mane grows
What coat color is this?
Bay
- Tan to red-brown body with black points (mane, tail, lower limbs)
What coat color is this?
Roan
Even mix of dark hair and white over most of body, can appear speckled.
- Blue
- Red
- Strawberry
What color is this?
Chestnut/sorrel
- Brown, red color
What coat color is this?
Buckskin
- Yellow body with black points
What coat color/pattern is this?
Dun
- Yellow/brown/red body with a dorsal stripe and horizontal stripes on legs
What coat color is this?
Palomino
- Yellow body with cream mane and tail
What coat color is this?
Appaloosa
- Spotted hair coat (body or rump)
What coat color is this?
Grey
Progressive silvering of the coat hairs. Often born black or bay and have underlying black skin
- Can be “flea bitten” if more dappled appearance
Brindle coat color
Brown mixed with black, red, or yellow
Bald face/White face
Partial white on face
Albino coat color
White with pink eyes
Belted coat color
White band around center
What is this pattern?
Paint or pinto
- Irregular patches of
white against solid color
_____ coat color
Hereford coat color
- Solid color on body and white on face, underbelly and partly on legs
Blaze face marking
White stripe down face
Snip face marking
White patch between nostrils
Star face marking
White mark on forehead
What is this leg marking?
Coronet
- White mark around coronary band
What leg marking is this?
Sock
- White mark that reaches higher than fetlock, but not as high as the knee (carpus)
What leg marking is this?
Stocking
- White mark that reaches the knee/carpus
Long bones
Structure:
Function: (2)
Examples: (3)
Structure:
- Greater in one dimension than any other
Function:
- Levers for locomotion and support
- Site of hematopoiesis
Examples:
- Femur, Humerus, Phalanges
Short bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples: (2)
Structure:
- Cube shaped
Function:
- Absorb concussion
Ex:
- Tarsal or carpal bones
Flat bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples: (3)
Structure:
- Thin plates
Function:
- Protect vital organs
Ex:
- Skull, scapula, pelvis
Sesamoid bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples:
Structure:
- Sesame seed shape, imbedded in tendons
Function:
- Reduce friction on tendons
Examples:
- Patella
Pneumatic Bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples:
“Air,” “hollow”
Structure:
- Contain air spaces or sinuses
Function:
- Reduce weight, hold air-filled structures
Examples:
- Frontal bone (humerus in birds)
Irregular bones
Structure:
Examples:
Structure:
- Irregular shape, unpaired
Examples:
- Vertebrae, hyoid bones
Vertebral Formula (amount of)
Cervical:
Thoracic:
Lumbar:
Sacral:
Caudal:
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13 (horses have 18)
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4-5
Caudal: 15-20
T/F: Fracture repair in a healthy mammal can take 4-6 weeks
True! This happens with immobilization
Fractures in normal repair requires bones ends to ____ and no ____ to occur between bone ends until healing is complete
- Bone ends to touch (apposition)
- No movement to occur (immobilization)
What are the five steps to bone repair?
1. Blood…
2. Granu…
3. Osteo…
4. Call…
5. Remod…
- Blood clot: forms between breaks.
- Granulation tissue (fibroblasts and capillaries): enter blood clot.
- Osteoblasts: rapidly divide & form callus.
- Callus bridges fracture and mineralizes.
- Remodeling: returns bone to normal architecture with use.
Bone repair essentials:
1.
2.
3.
- Immobilization
- Blood supply
- Sterile environment
Bone repair essentials:
1. Immobilization:
2. Blood supply:
3. Sterile environment:
- Immobilization: Movement between bone fragments prevents callus bridge (non-union).
- Blood supply: If bone fragment has no blood supply healing cannot occur (sequestrum).
- Sterile environment: Infection at fracture can prevent healing (non-union).
Types of fractures
1. Simple:
2. Open/compound:
3. Communited:
4. Greenstick:
5. Physeal (salter):
- Simple: skin unbroken.
- Open or compound: skin broken (risk for infection).
- Comminuted: splintered or crushed bone.
- Greenstick: only one side of bone is broken, occurs mainly in young.
- Physeal (salter): fracture at growth plate, occurs in young.
Ways to immobilize fractures (3)
- Splint: temp immobilization for comfort. V limited use for fracture repair.
- Casts: good for greenstick or non-displaced, stable fractures of certain bones in light weight animals.
- Plates & Pins: excellent stabilization, req Sx placement.
What four things should be included when describing a fracture?
- Location
- Which bone?
- What side of the body?
- The specific region of the bone. - Type of fracture
- Bone alignment
- Skin intact or open
What is this coat pattern?
Spotted
- White spots against a colored body are of different sizes, shapes, & placement, seemingly at random
A. Poll
B. Throatlatch
C. Crest
D. Jugular groove
E. Withers
F. Carpus or “knee”
G. Girth
H. Flank
I. Croup
J. Tailhead
K. Stifle
L. Pastern
M. Fetlock
N. Hock
