Skeletal System, Skin, & Bone

Question 1

Poll

Answer 1

The top of the head or the region where the skull meets the neck

Question 2

Throatlatch

Answer 2

The area of a horse’s head and neck where the throat meets the lower jaw or mandible

Question 3

Crest

Answer 3

The upper part of the neck of a horse, particularly the region along the top of the neck where the mane grows

Question 4

What coat color is this?

Answer 4

Bay
- Tan to red-brown body with black points (mane, tail, lower limbs)

Question 5

What coat color is this?

Answer 5

Roan
Even mix of dark hair and white over most of body, can appear speckled.
- Blue
- Red
- Strawberry

Question 6

What color is this?

Answer 6

Chestnut/sorrel
- Brown, red color

Question 7

What coat color is this?

Answer 7

Buckskin
- Yellow body with black points

Question 8

What coat color/pattern is this?

Answer 8

Dun
- Yellow/brown/red body with a dorsal stripe and horizontal stripes on legs

Question 9

What coat color is this?

Answer 9

Palomino
- Yellow body with cream mane and tail

Question 10

What coat color is this?

Answer 10

Appaloosa
- Spotted hair coat (body or rump)

Question 11

What coat color is this?

Answer 11

Grey
Progressive silvering of the coat hairs. Often born black or bay and have underlying black skin
- Can be “flea bitten” if more dappled appearance

Question 12

Brindle coat color

Answer 12

Brown mixed with black, red, or yellow

Question 13

Bald face/White face

Answer 13

Partial white on face

Question 14

Albino coat color

Answer 14

White with pink eyes

Question 15

Belted coat color

Answer 15

White band around center

Question 16

What is this pattern?

Answer 16

Paint or pinto
- Irregular patches of
white against solid color

Question 17

_____ coat color

Answer 17

Hereford coat color
- Solid color on body and white on face, underbelly and partly on legs

Question 18

Blaze face marking

Answer 18

White stripe down face

Question 19

Snip face marking

Answer 19

White patch between nostrils

Question 20

Star face marking

Answer 20

White mark on forehead

Question 21

What is this leg marking?

Answer 21

Coronet
- White mark around coronary band

Question 22

What leg marking is this?

Answer 22

Sock
- White mark that reaches higher than fetlock, but not as high as the knee (carpus)

Question 23

What leg marking is this?

Answer 23

Stocking
- White mark that reaches the knee/carpus

Question 24

Long bones
Structure:
Function: (2)
Examples: (3)

Answer 24

Structure:
- Greater in one dimension than any other

Function:
- Levers for locomotion and support
- Site of hematopoiesis

Examples:
- Femur, Humerus, Phalanges

Question 25

Short bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples: (2)

Answer 25

Structure:
- Cube shaped

Function:
- Absorb concussion

Ex:
- Tarsal or carpal bones

Question 26

Flat bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples: (3)

Answer 26

Structure:
- Thin plates

Function:
- Protect vital organs

Ex:
- Skull, scapula, pelvis

Question 27

Sesamoid bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples:

Answer 27

Structure:
- Sesame seed shape, imbedded in tendons

Function:
- Reduce friction on tendons

Examples:
- Patella

Question 28

Pneumatic Bones
Structure:
Function:
Examples:

Answer 28

“Air,” “hollow”

Structure:
- Contain air spaces or sinuses

Function:
- Reduce weight, hold air-filled structures

Examples:
- Frontal bone (humerus in birds)

Question 29

Irregular bones
Structure:
Examples:

Answer 29

Structure:
- Irregular shape, unpaired

Examples:
- Vertebrae, hyoid bones

Question 30

Vertebral Formula (amount of)
Cervical:
Thoracic:
Lumbar:
Sacral:
Caudal:

Answer 30

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13 (horses have 18)
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4-5
Caudal: 15-20

Question 31

T/F: Fracture repair in a healthy mammal can take 4-6 weeks

Answer 31

True! This happens with immobilization

Question 32

Fractures in normal repair requires bones ends to ____ and no ____ to occur between bone ends until healing is complete

Answer 32

1. Bone ends to touch (apposition)
2. No movement to occur (immobilization)

Question 33

What are the five steps to bone repair?
1. Blood…
2. Granu…
3. Osteo…
4. Call…
5. Remod…

Answer 33

1. Blood clot: forms between breaks.
2. Granulation tissue (fibroblasts and capillaries): enter blood clot.
3. Osteoblasts: rapidly divide & form callus.
4. Callus bridges fracture and mineralizes.
5. Remodeling: returns bone to normal architecture with use.

Question 34

Bone repair essentials:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 34

1. Immobilization
2. Blood supply
3. Sterile environment

Question 35

Bone repair essentials:
1. Immobilization:
2. Blood supply:
3. Sterile environment:

Answer 35

1. Immobilization: Movement between bone fragments prevents callus bridge (non-union).
2. Blood supply: If bone fragment has no blood supply healing cannot occur (sequestrum).
3. Sterile environment: Infection at fracture can prevent healing (non-union).

Question 36

Types of fractures
1. Simple:
2. Open/compound:
3. Communited:
4. Greenstick:
5. Physeal (salter):

Answer 36

1. Simple: skin unbroken.
2. Open or compound: skin broken (risk for infection).
3. Comminuted: splintered or crushed bone.
4. Greenstick: only one side of bone is broken, occurs mainly in young.
5. Physeal (salter): fracture at growth plate, occurs in young.

Question 37

Ways to immobilize fractures (3)

Answer 37

1. Splint: temp immobilization for comfort. V limited use for fracture repair.
2. Casts: good for greenstick or non-displaced, stable fractures of certain bones in light weight animals.
3. Plates & Pins: excellent stabilization, req Sx placement.

Question 38

What four things should be included when describing a fracture?

Answer 38

1. Location
   - Which bone?
   - What side of the body?
   - The specific region of the bone.
2. Type of fracture
3. Bone alignment
4. Skin intact or open

Question 39

What is this coat pattern?

Answer 39

Spotted
- White spots against a colored body are of different sizes, shapes, & placement, seemingly at random

Question 40

Answer 40

A. Poll
B. Throatlatch
C. Crest
D. Jugular groove
E. Withers
F. Carpus or “knee”
G. Girth
H. Flank
I. Croup
J. Tailhead
K. Stifle
L. Pastern
M. Fetlock
N. Hock