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Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology > Pregnancy & Parturition p1 > Flashcards

Pregnancy & Parturition p1 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryo

A

Developed egg

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2
Q

Gestation period

A

Length of pregnancy

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3
Q

Implantation

A

Egg into the uterus

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4
Q

Capacitation

A

Series of changes spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive tract
- OR -
When the sperm becomes capable of fertilizing

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5
Q

Chorion, allantois, amnion, urachus, cotyledons

A
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6
Q

First trimester:
Second:
Third:

A
  1. Embryonic period.
    - Placenta develops.
  2. Fetal period.
    - Body tissues, organs, & systems develop.
  3. Fetal growth period.
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7
Q

Fertilization in…
1. Most species
2. Mares, sows, bitches
Sperm is placed in the…

A
  1. In most species, the sperm is placed in vagina during copulation.
  2. The sperm is placed in the cervix/uterus
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8
Q

___ release stimulates the female reproductive tract to contract in waves to more the sperm into the oviduct

A

Oxytocin

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9
Q

T/F: The oviduct is the site of fertilization for most species

A

True

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10
Q

As sperm attach to the zona pellucida of ovum a series of events called the ____ reaction occur.
The acrosome enzymes digest a path thru the zona, the sperm enters and fuses with the ___ membrane.

A
  1. Acrosome reaction
  2. Vitelline membrane
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11
Q

Zygote

A
  • A fertilized egg
  • A diploid cell as a results of two haploid gametes
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12
Q

A male pronucleus is…
And a female pronucleus is…

A
  1. Nucleus of the fertilizing spermatozoon (only contributes X or Y)
  2. Nucleus of the fertilized ovum (only contributes X)
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13
Q

Male and female pronucleus join together and make a ___ chromosome number.
This cell begins mitosis to form a ___ & then ___.

A
  1. Diploid chromosome number
  2. Morula & then blastula
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14
Q

Blastula

A

An animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

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15
Q

Morula

A

A solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed

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16
Q

Artificial insemination (AI) species use:
Cow
Poultry
Swine
Horses
Beef
Sheep

A

Cow: 70%
Poultry: 95% of turkeys, chickens use natural
Swine: >80%
Horses: Increasing w/more use of extended semen
Beef: <10% but increasing
Sheep: Increasing but limited, flocks dispersed

17
Q

T/F: Artificial insemination is allowed for thoroughbreds horses

A

False! It is not allowed for registered thoroughbred horses

18
Q

What are some reasons to use estrous synchronization? (3)

A
  1. AI - decrease expense of time and labor for detection of estrus
  2. Success of embryo transfer
  3. Decreased labor when young are born
19
Q

Estrous synchronization, what is it?

A

Controlling estrus cycle so females express estrus around the same time

20
Q

Name two methods of estrus synchronization

A
  1. Hormonal: induced ovulation; restart estrous cycle; suppress estrus
  2. Natural - weaning (sows & beef cattle)
21
Q

What is embryo transfer (ET)?

A

Transferring fertilized embryos from one female to another

22
Q

How is embryo transfer used? (3)

A
  1. Super ovulate & inseminate donor cow
  2. Synchronize estrus of recipient females
  3. Flush embryos of donor & transfer to recipient or freeze
23
Q

Why use embryo transfer? (2)

A
  1. Maximize use of superior genetics
  2. Many offspring/female/year
24
Q

T/F: Maternal reproductive tract must “recognize” pregnancy in most species in order to maintain the progesterone secreting corpus luteum

A

True!

25
Q

Do embryos secrete hormones?

A

Yes! They do this to prevent the maternal release of PGF2a

26
Q

What is the minimum number of embryos that must be present in a sow for there to be pregnancy recognition?

A

Four

27
Q

T/F: Embryos move about a great deal within the uterus prior to implantation

A

True!

28
Q

Why do embryo move around in the uterus before implantation? (2)

A
  1. Migration contact improves pregnancy recognition!!
  2. Allows for adequate spacing between multiple embryos
29
Q

Implantation occurs when enzymes produced by blastocyst ___ away a small pit in the endometrium. The blastocyst attaches to the ___ in this pit.

A
  1. Dissolve
  2. Endometrium
30
Q
  1. Placentation is…
  2. Arrangement of placental membranes allows transfer of (3)
A
  1. The development of extraembryonic membranes or placenta
  2. Allows:
    - Nutrients from dam to fetus
    - Wastes from fetus to dam
    - No interaction of blood supply between dam & fetus

Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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