Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory systems main function
Resp system works in function with cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems to provide necessary gas exchange for the body
- TDRL:
“Necessary gas exchange for the body”
Remove CO2
Regulate blood pH
Upper airway (4)
Nose
Larynx
Sinuses
Trachea
Upper airway function (3)
- Vocalization
- Warm and humidify air
- Protect lower airway from debris
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Gag
Ventilation:
Inspiration, how does it work?
Pleural cavity negative pressure in chest when diaphragm expands
- Air rushes into lungs
How does expiration work?
- Relaxation of diaphragm
- Elastic recoil of lung
- Air pressure differential
- Air rushes out of lungs
Nasal Planum is a hairless ____ portion of the nose that is ____ due to sweat glands
- Rostral portion
- Moist due to sweat glands
Nasal Septum is ___ inside the nasal chamber. It divides nose into ___ & ____ halves.
- Cartilage
- Left & right
Turbinates (conchae)
What is it?
Function
- Scroll-like bones inside the nose that are covered with mucous membranes
- Function:
- To increase surface area inside the nose
- Warm & humidify air
- Remove particle debris
Paranasal Sinuses
What is it?
Function
- Air filled cavities in the skull that connect to the nose
- Function:
- Make head lighter in weight & protect structures within head
- Connection of the cheek teeth into the maxillary sinus (horses)
- Connection of developed horns to frontal sinus (cattle)
Guttural Pouches are a unique structure of the horse.
What are they?
- Large, air filled pouches that open into nasopharynx
- It is expansion of the eustachian tube of the middle ear
Guttural pouch function
Medical importance
- Function:
- Cool blood flow to the brain during exercise by absorbing heat from carotid arteries - Importance
- Disease of guttural pouch can effect cranial nerves VII, IX-XII causing sig neurological signs.
- This can lead to erosion of the carotid artery causing sometimes deadly hemorrhage.
T/F: Pigs have a flat bone tip of the nose for their nasal planum
True! This may be due to “rooting.”
Called the rostral bone
Where is the larynx?
What is it?
- Region in the back of the throat
- Composed of a set of cartilage in shape of rigid box
- Connected to bones of hyoid apparatus
Larynx function
- “Gatekeeper” to trachea. Closes to protect trachea from food & water entering during swallow.
- Phonation (sound)
- Will dilate for increased air movement during heavy exercise or excitement
List the five cartilages composed of the larynx
Hint: Think of the parts that make up the larynx
- Epiglottis
- Arytenoids
- Arytenoids (there’s two of them)
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Shape
Function
- Triangluar shape cartilage at base of tongue
- Covers larynx during swallowing
Often needs to be pushed downward during intubation
Glottis meaning
Function
- Vocal unit
- Vocal cords and the space between them
Arytenoids
What they are
Function
- Vocal cords attached to the arytenoids
- Function
- Protect trachea from foreign material
- Movements of arytenoids change pitch of voice
Failure of arytenoids to move normally causes… (2)
- Airway obstruction
- Important diseases in horses (roaring) and dogs (laryngeal paralysis)
Trachea
Shape/location:
What it is:
- Shape/location:
- Composed of “C” shaped cartilage connected dorsally by annular ligaments and muscle - What it is:
- Large airway that connects larynx to bronchi of lungs
Lungs are the location of ___ exchange
Gas exchange
List in the order of the lung airways: (“Largest to smallest”)
Alvoeli
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Bronchus
- Bronchus
- Bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
This is the only site of gas exchange!
What is surfactant?
What does it allow the body to do?
Mixture of phospholipids that decrease surface tension of fluids in alveoli, allowing them to remain open with exhale
Lung lobes are unique to ___ & ___ as they have an accessory lung lobe that branches off the ___ cranial to the bifurcation
- Ruminants & pigs
- Trachea
T/F: The accessory lung, lung lobes, decreases the chances of contracting pneumonia
False! This will increase chances of getting pneumonia
Pleura
What is it?
Function:
- What is it?
- The lining tissue of the thorax that contains the lungs in two separate sacs - Function:
- Produces a small amount of fluid that lubricates tissues, decreasing friction caused by breathing
Pleura
Medical Importance:
May collect excess fluid, free air, & infection in certain disease.
Such abnormalities greatly inhibit the lung’s ability to expand and ventilate.
Mediastinum
What is it?
What does it contain?
The space between the pleural sacs which contains the heart, esophagus, and giant vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)
