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Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory systems main function

A

Resp system works in function with cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems to provide necessary gas exchange for the body
- TDRL:
“Necessary gas exchange for the body”
Remove CO2
Regulate blood pH

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2
Q

Upper airway (4)

A

Nose
Larynx
Sinuses
Trachea

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3
Q

Upper airway function (3)

A
  1. Vocalization
  2. Warm and humidify air
  3. Protect lower airway from debris
    - Sneezing
    - Coughing
    - Gag
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4
Q

Ventilation:
Inspiration, how does it work?

A

Pleural cavity negative pressure in chest when diaphragm expands
- Air rushes into lungs

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5
Q

How does expiration work?

A
  1. Relaxation of diaphragm
  2. Elastic recoil of lung
  3. Air pressure differential
  4. Air rushes out of lungs
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6
Q

Nasal Planum is a hairless ____ portion of the nose that is ____ due to sweat glands

A
  1. Rostral portion
  2. Moist due to sweat glands
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7
Q

Nasal Septum is ___ inside the nasal chamber. It divides nose into ___ & ____ halves.

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Left & right
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8
Q

Turbinates (conchae)
What is it?
Function

A
  1. Scroll-like bones inside the nose that are covered with mucous membranes
  2. Function:
    - To increase surface area inside the nose
    - Warm & humidify air
    - Remove particle debris
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9
Q

Paranasal Sinuses
What is it?
Function

A
  1. Air filled cavities in the skull that connect to the nose
  2. Function:
    - Make head lighter in weight & protect structures within head
    - Connection of the cheek teeth into the maxillary sinus (horses)
    - Connection of developed horns to frontal sinus (cattle)
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10
Q

Guttural Pouches are a unique structure of the horse.
What are they?

A
  • Large, air filled pouches that open into nasopharynx
  • It is expansion of the eustachian tube of the middle ear
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11
Q

Guttural pouch function
Medical importance

A
  1. Function:
    - Cool blood flow to the brain during exercise by absorbing heat from carotid arteries
  2. Importance
    - Disease of guttural pouch can effect cranial nerves VII, IX-XII causing sig neurological signs.
    - This can lead to erosion of the carotid artery causing sometimes deadly hemorrhage.
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12
Q

T/F: Pigs have a flat bone tip of the nose for their nasal planum

A

True! This may be due to “rooting.”
Called the rostral bone

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13
Q

Where is the larynx?
What is it?

A
  • Region in the back of the throat
  • Composed of a set of cartilage in shape of rigid box
  • Connected to bones of hyoid apparatus
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14
Q

Larynx function

A
  • “Gatekeeper” to trachea. Closes to protect trachea from food & water entering during swallow.
  • Phonation (sound)
  • Will dilate for increased air movement during heavy exercise or excitement
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15
Q

List the five cartilages composed of the larynx

Hint: Think of the parts that make up the larynx

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Arytenoids
  3. Arytenoids (there’s two of them)
  4. Thyroid cartilage
  5. Cricoid cartilage
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16
Q

Epiglottis
Shape
Function

A
  1. Triangluar shape cartilage at base of tongue
  2. Covers larynx during swallowing

Often needs to be pushed downward during intubation

17
Q

Glottis meaning
Function

A
  1. Vocal unit
  2. Vocal cords and the space between them
18
Q

Arytenoids
What they are
Function

A
  1. Vocal cords attached to the arytenoids
  2. Function
    - Protect trachea from foreign material
    - Movements of arytenoids change pitch of voice
19
Q

Failure of arytenoids to move normally causes… (2)

A
  1. Airway obstruction
  2. Important diseases in horses (roaring) and dogs (laryngeal paralysis)
20
Q

Trachea
Shape/location:
What it is:

A
  1. Shape/location:
    - Composed of “C” shaped cartilage connected dorsally by annular ligaments and muscle
  2. What it is:
    - Large airway that connects larynx to bronchi of lungs
21
Q

Lungs are the location of ___ exchange

A

Gas exchange

22
Q

List in the order of the lung airways: (“Largest to smallest”)
Alvoeli
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Bronchus

A
  1. Bronchus
  2. Bronchioles
  3. Alveolar ducts
  4. Alveoli
    This is the only site of gas exchange!
23
Q

What is surfactant?
What does it allow the body to do?

A

Mixture of phospholipids that decrease surface tension of fluids in alveoli, allowing them to remain open with exhale

24
Q

Lung lobes are unique to ___ & ___ as they have an accessory lung lobe that branches off the ___ cranial to the bifurcation

A
  1. Ruminants & pigs
  2. Trachea
25
Q

T/F: The accessory lung, lung lobes, decreases the chances of contracting pneumonia

A

False! This will increase chances of getting pneumonia

26
Q

Pleura
What is it?
Function:

A
  1. What is it?
    - The lining tissue of the thorax that contains the lungs in two separate sacs
  2. Function:
    - Produces a small amount of fluid that lubricates tissues, decreasing friction caused by breathing
27
Q

Pleura
Medical Importance:

A

May collect excess fluid, free air, & infection in certain disease.
Such abnormalities greatly inhibit the lung’s ability to expand and ventilate.

28
Q

Mediastinum
What is it?
What does it contain?

A

The space between the pleural sacs which contains the heart, esophagus, and giant vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)

Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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