Hindgut & Ruminant QUIZ & Goat Lab

Question 1

Regurgitation in the bovine is a term describing?

Answer 1

Controlled reverse movement of coarse feedstuffs from the reticulum/rumen via the esophagus to the mouth for rechewing (cud)

Question 2

Build-up of gases in the rumen during fermentation includes which of the following:
1. CO2 and O2
2. CO2 and CH4 (Methane)
3. CH4 (methane) and O2
4. O2

Answer 2

2. CO2 and CH4 (Methane)

Question 3

The omasum is the third, globe-shaped stomach of the ruminant. Its purpose is to:
1. Reduce feed particle size
2. Absorb volatile fatty acids
3. Absorb water and dry out ingesta
4. All

Answer 3

All

Question 4

In nursing ruminants, milk is passed directly from the esophagus into the abomasum via the:
1. Omasal groove
2. Esophageal
3. Abomasal
4. Stomach

Answer 4

Esophageal groove

Question 5

Ruminants prehend(grab) food using their:
1. Lower incisors, tongue, and dental pad
2. Upper incisors and tongue
3. Upper and lower incisors
4. Upper and lower molars

Answer 5

1. Lower incisors, tongue, and dental pad

Question 6

Which compartment of the ruminant’s gastrointestinal tract is considered the “true” stomach?

Answer 6

Abomasum

Question 7

Identify A-G
Words:
-Rumen -Small Intestine -Beginning of duodenum -Esophagus -Abomasum
-Rectum -Reticulum -Cecum -Omasum

Answer 7

A. Esophagus
B. Abomasum
C. Rumen
D. Omasum
E. Reticulum
F. Beg of duodenum
G. Rectum

Question 8

The reticulum lies just caudal to the diaphragm. Which of the following materials tend to accumulate in the reticulum?
1. Hardware
2. Milk
3. Feces
4. Yeast

Answer 8

1. Hardware

Question 9

The rumen pH is typically:

Answer 9

Neutral, 6-7

Question 10

T/F: A full rumen cycle occurs every 5 seconds

Answer 10

False. Every 1-2 minutes

Question 11

T/F: Rumen motility is stimulated by a lack of fibrous feed within the rumen

Answer 11

False

Question 12

1. Which diagram shows the normal positioning of the abomasum?
2. In the diagram which shows an abnormal placement of the abomasum indicate whether the abomasum is displaced to the right or left
3. In general which condition is more serious for the bovine and would require more prompt veterinary care a right or left abomasum displacement?

Answer 12

1. Two
2. Left
3. Right

Question 13

1. Provide one reason for displaced abomasum and 2 clinical signs of a displaced abomasum.
2. Clinical signs-

Answer 13

1. After pregnancy, low roughage diet
2. Decrease in milk production, lowered appetite (anorexia), weight loss

Question 14

The primary sites of fermentation and digestion in the horse are the:
1. Stomach
2. Cecum and large colon
3. Small intestine
4. Descending colon and rectum

Answer 14

Cecum and large colon

Question 15

T/F: In both foregut and hindgut digestion, insoluble carbohydrate (fibrous plant material) is converted to volatile fatty acids that are ultimately absorbed into the blood stream and contribute to the energy needs of the animal

Answer 15

True

Question 16

T/F: Only protozoa are essential in the process of digestion in both hindgut and foregut fermenters

Answer 16

False. Fungi & bacteria also play an important role

Question 17

T/F: Horses should receive at minimum 10% of their body weight in dry roughage per day.

Answer 17

False. It should be 1.5-2.5%

Question 18

T/F: The large intestine of the horse is about 7 meters in length and has several bends and flexures predisposing the animal to colic and impactions

Answer 18

True

Question 19

The main function of the relatively small equine stomach is the:
1. Neutralization of stomach acid
2. Production of bile
3. Breakdown of proteins via enzymes in an alkaline environment (pH 7.4)
4. Breakdown of proteins via enzymes in a strongly acidic environment (pH 2.6)

Answer 19

4. Breakdown of proteins via enzymes in a strongly acidic environment (pH 2.6)

Question 20

A-I, except H

Answer 20

A. Ileum
B. Cecum
C. R ventral colon
D. L ventral colon
E. Pelvic flexure
F. L dorsal colon
G. R dorsal colon
I. Small colon

Question 21

T/F: Horses have a gall bladder as they are continuous grazers whereas cows do not.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

T/F: Horses cannot vomit due to the very strong lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The rate of passage of digesta through an adult herbivore is greatly influenced by the:
1. The species of the animal
2. The digestibility of the feed
3. How fibrous the feed is
4. All of the answers

Answer 23

4. All of the answers

Question 24

What are the 3 microscopic living components in healthy rumen fluid?

Answer 24

1. bacteria
2. protozoa
3. fung (yeast)
   (also viruses, and archaea)

Question 25

What is “transfaunation” and how is it beneficial to a sick animal?

Answer 25

Moving fermenting gi contents (or “first pass” feces) from a healthy animal to a sick animal of the species. Transfaunation moves live microorganisms required for fermentation/digestion to the sick animal (probiotics).

Question 26

Why are dental issues potentially more significant to equine health than ruminant nutrition? (Compare the horse vs. the cow-related to teeth and nutritional consequences)

List 2 potential body health issues secondary to dental problems in the horse-

Answer 26

The equine gi tract is less efficient that the ruminant at processing high roughage food (grasses), ruminants eructate and “rechew” ingesta, as well as have extensive fermentation time. Therefore, the grinding of the food into very fine particles to increase surface area for fermentation process is essential to the horse ability to extract nutrients from diet.

Dental Problems in Horse can lead to
1. Weight loss
2. Impactions
3. Colic
4. Laminitis

Question 27

How often does a rumen cycle occur in a goat?

Answer 27

2-3 times a minute

Question 28

Using the correct terminology, describe the best location for observing ruminal movements

Answer 28

Left paralumbar fossa

Question 29

List the steps involved in re-processing the fibrous feeds in prep for microbial digestion (4)

Answer 29

1. Regurgitation
2. Re-mastication
3. Re-salivation
4. Re-swallowing

Question 30

What is a normal HR for a goat?

Answer 30

70-95bpm

Question 31

Does a goat udder have two halves or four quarters?

Answer 31

Two halves

Question 32

How many teats do the following have:
Goat
Sheep
Horse
Cow

Answer 32

Goat: 2
Sheep: 2
Horse: 4
Cow: 4