Mammary Gland & Lactation Flashcards
Mammary gland
1. Endocrine or exocrine gland?
2. Functions (2)
- Exocrine
- Functions:
- To nourish young
- Produce immunoglobins for production
T/F: Teats are on the mammary glands and only one teat per gland is functional
True
Glands separated by ____ groove. So there is ____ interaction between quarters or halves!
- Intermammary groove
- No interaction
How many glands do they have?
Cows
Ewe & doe
- Cow have 4 glands (quarters)
- Ewe & doe have 2 glands (halves)
Udder can weigh anywhere between ___ to ____lbs. May support up to ____lbs of milk.
- 7 to 165lbs
- 80lbs
T/F: Udder will continue to grow past the cows 6th birth day
False. Stops growing at 6yrs old
Interior of the udder (3)
- Streak canal
- Gland cistern
- Duct system
Streak canal is a duct system that empties into the ___ ___. Streak canal is surrouneded by smooth ____ that acts as a ____.
- Teat sinus
- Muscle
- Sphincter
Gland Cistern can hold ____ to ____mL of milk in storage. The ____ systems drain into here. GC is used to detect the end of _____.
- 100-400mL
- Duct systems
- Milking
Duct system ____ secretory tissue. It has no ____ function.
- Drains
- Secretory
Ruptured Suspensory Ligaments (FINISH)
Interior of Udder (3)
- Alveoli
- Lobules
- Lobes
Alveoli are ____ producing units.
Just know these are involoved: Secretory cells, _____ cells, capillaries, & ducts.
- Milk
- Myoepithelial cells
Lobules contain ____ to ____ alveoli and are a common ____.
- 150-200 alveoli
- Duct
Lobes are a…
Group of lobules
Alveolus is a cubic inch of udder that contains _____ of alveoli. It is lined by secretory ______ cells that produce milk.
- Millions
- Epithelial cells
Cow Mammae have ___ mammary glands each drained by a ___ teat canal onto a one ____.
- Four
- Single
- Teat
Ewe & nanny mammae each have ___ glands. Each drained by a ___ teat with a ___ streak canal.
- Two
- Single
- Single
Sow mammae have about ___ to ____ complex glands, but range is ___ to ___. Glands are in ____ rows of the midline. Each gland is ____ from the other.
- 12-14 complex glands
- 6-32
- Parallel
- Separate
Mare mammae (FINISH)
Vascular system importance:
VERY!!!! All of the milk precursors come from blood.
What is the blood milk ratio?
500:1
T/F: On average, 400-500 units of blood passes thru the udder for each unit of milk synthesized by high producing dairy cow
True! That is ~280mL per second
How many veins and arteries in the vascular system?
Arteries: 2
Veins: 3
Lymph system
1. Lacteals
- Location
- Function
2. Supramammary Lymph nodes
- Location
- Lacteals
- Location: Peripheral tissues of the teat ends
- Function: Move fluids to lymph nodes - Supramammary Lymph nodes
- Located in rear udder
Lymphatic system helps regulate proper ___ balance within udder and combat ____. Lymph travels from udder to ___ duct and empties into ____ stream.
Rates of this depend on _____ status of animal.
- Fluid
- Infection
- Thoracic duct
- Blood stream
- Physiological
The more milk is removed from the udder…
The more milk the udder will produce
Milk let down (FINISH)
Edema (FINISH)
Lactogenesis is…
Est of milk secretion
Lactation is…
Secretion and removal of milk
Galactopoiesis is…
Cont production of milk by mammary glands
Mastitis
1. What is it?
2. Cause(s)
3. Subclinical vs Clinical cases
- Inflammation of the mammary glands
- Bacterial, sometimes fungal
- Subclinical: Infected but no signs
Clinical: Observable changes
Mastitis clinical signs (5)
- Visibly abnormal milk (color, fibrin clots, etc)
- Swelling
- Heat, redness
- Pain
- Fever, anorexia, shock = Severe cases
T/F: Gangrenous mastitis can occur at the same time as mastitis.
True! Particularly in cases of subclinical, chronic infections with S. aureus.
Mastitis
1. Dx
2. Tx
- Dx
- Clinical signs
- Cell count in milk
- Milk culture - Tx
- NSAIDS
- Freq milking
- Systemic antiB
- Intramammary infusions
- Culling
- Chem killing of quarter
- Sx removal
Galactopoiesis FINISH
Effect of increased milking freq on milk production
FINISH
Effect of udder pressure on milk secretion
FINISH
Milk composition (4)
- Lipids & carbs (energy)
- Proteins (growth)
- Vitamins, minerals
- Water & electrolytes
Milk Composition:
Lactose
1. Made of…
2. In ruminates blood gluc is made in the ___ from ____
- Blood glucose
- Liver from VFAs
Milk fat is the ___ variable component in milk while lactose is the ____ in milk.
Most; least
Casein is the primary ___ in milk.
Lactose is the primary ___ in milk.
Triglyceride is the primary ____ in milk.
- Protein
- Carb
- Lipid
T/F: Milk is mostly water
True
Involution is the process of the milk…
Secreting mammary gland becoming a non-secreting one
“Drying off” is the lay term for abrupt drying off.
List three consequences
- Abrupt drying off decreases labor
- Increases mastitis
- Can cause “milk allergy”
