Mammary Gland & Lactation

Question 1

Mammary gland
1. Endocrine or exocrine gland?
2. Functions (2)

Answer 1

1. Exocrine
2. Functions:
   - To nourish young
   - Produce immunoglobins for production

Question 2

T/F: Teats are on the mammary glands and only one teat per gland is functional

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Glands separated by ____ groove. So there is ____ interaction between quarters or halves!

Answer 3

1. Intermammary groove
2. No interaction

Question 4

How many glands do they have?
Cows
Ewe & doe

Answer 4

1. Cow have 4 glands (quarters)
2. Ewe & doe have 2 glands (halves)

Question 5

Udder can weigh anywhere between ___ to ____lbs. May support up to ____lbs of milk.

Answer 5

1. 7 to 165lbs
2. 80lbs

Question 6

T/F: Udder will continue to grow past the cows 6th birth day

Answer 6

False. Stops growing at 6yrs old

Question 7

Interior of the udder (3)

Answer 7

1. Streak canal
2. Gland cistern
3. Duct system

Question 8

Streak canal is a duct system that empties into the ___ ___. Streak canal is surrouneded by smooth ____ that acts as a ____.

Answer 8

1. Teat sinus
2. Muscle
3. Sphincter

Question 9

Gland Cistern can hold ____ to ____mL of milk in storage. The ____ systems drain into here. GC is used to detect the end of _____.

Answer 9

1. 100-400mL
2. Duct systems
3. Milking

Question 10

Duct system ____ secretory tissue. It has no ____ function.

Answer 10

1. Drains
2. Secretory

Question 11

Ruptured Suspensory Ligaments (FINISH)

Question 12

Interior of Udder (3)

Answer 12

1. Alveoli
2. Lobules
3. Lobes

Question 13

Alveoli are ____ producing units.
Just know these are involoved: Secretory cells, _____ cells, capillaries, & ducts.

Answer 13

1. Milk
2. Myoepithelial cells

Question 14

Lobules contain ____ to ____ alveoli and are a common ____.

Answer 14

1. 150-200 alveoli
2. Duct

Question 15

Lobes are a…

Answer 15

Group of lobules

Question 16

Alveolus is a cubic inch of udder that contains _____ of alveoli. It is lined by secretory ______ cells that produce milk.

Answer 16

1. Millions
2. Epithelial cells

Question 17

Cow Mammae have ___ mammary glands each drained by a ___ teat canal onto a one ____.

Answer 17

1. Four
2. Single
3. Teat

Question 18

Ewe & nanny mammae each have ___ glands. Each drained by a ___ teat with a ___ streak canal.

Answer 18

1. Two
2. Single
3. Single

Question 19

Sow mammae have about ___ to ____ complex glands, but range is ___ to ___. Glands are in ____ rows of the midline. Each gland is ____ from the other.

Answer 19

1. 12-14 complex glands
2. 6-32
3. Parallel
4. Separate

Question 20

Mare mammae (FINISH)

Question 21

Vascular system importance:

Answer 21

VERY!!!! All of the milk precursors come from blood.

Question 22

What is the blood milk ratio?

Answer 22

500:1

Question 23

T/F: On average, 400-500 units of blood passes thru the udder for each unit of milk synthesized by high producing dairy cow

Answer 23

True! That is ~280mL per second

Question 24

How many veins and arteries in the vascular system?

Answer 24

Arteries: 2
Veins: 3

Question 25

Lymph system 1. Lacteals - Location - Function 2. Supramammary Lymph nodes - Location

Answer 25

1. Lacteals - Location: Peripheral tissues of the teat ends - Function: Move fluids to lymph nodes 2. Supramammary Lymph nodes - Located in rear udder

Question 26

Lymphatic system helps regulate proper ___ balance within udder and combat ____. Lymph travels from udder to ___ duct and empties into ____ stream. Rates of this depend on _____ status of animal.

Answer 26

1. Fluid 2. Infection 3. Thoracic duct 4. Blood stream 5. Physiological

Question 27

The more milk is removed from the udder...

Answer 27

The more milk the udder will produce

Question 28

Milk let down (FINISH)

Question 29

Edema (FINISH)

Question 30

Lactogenesis is...

Answer 30

Est of milk secretion

Question 31

Lactation is...

Answer 31

Secretion and removal of milk

Question 32

Galactopoiesis is...

Answer 32

Cont production of milk by mammary glands

Question 33

Mastitis 1. What is it? 2. Cause(s) 3. Subclinical vs Clinical cases

Answer 33

1. Inflammation of the mammary glands 2. Bacterial, sometimes fungal 3. Subclinical: Infected but no signs Clinical: Observable changes

Question 34

Mastitis clinical signs (5)

Answer 34

1. Visibly abnormal milk (color, fibrin clots, etc) 2. Swelling 3. Heat, redness 4. Pain 5. Fever, anorexia, shock = Severe cases

Question 35

T/F: Gangrenous mastitis can occur at the same time as mastitis.

Answer 35

True! Particularly in cases of subclinical, chronic infections with S. aureus.

Question 36

Mastitis 1. Dx 2. Tx

Answer 36

1. Dx - Clinical signs - Cell count in milk - Milk culture 2. Tx - NSAIDS - Freq milking - Systemic antiB - Intramammary infusions - Culling - Chem killing of quarter - Sx removal

Question 37

Galactopoiesis FINISH

Question 38

Effect of increased milking freq on milk production FINISH

Question 39

Effect of udder pressure on milk secretion FINISH

Question 40

Milk composition (4)

Answer 40

1. Lipids & carbs (energy) 2. Proteins (growth) 3. Vitamins, minerals 4. Water & electrolytes

Question 41

Milk Composition: Lactose 1. Made of... 2. In ruminates blood gluc is made in the ___ from ____

Answer 41

1. Blood glucose 2. Liver from VFAs

Question 42

Milk fat is the ___ variable component in milk while lactose is the ____ in milk.

Answer 42

Most; least

Question 43

Casein is the primary ___ in milk. Lactose is the primary ___ in milk. Triglyceride is the primary ____ in milk.

Answer 43

1. Protein 2. Carb 3. Lipid

Question 44

T/F: Milk is mostly water

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Involution is the process of the milk...

Answer 45

Secreting mammary gland becoming a non-secreting one

Question 46

"Drying off" is the lay term for abrupt drying off. List three consequences

Answer 46

1. Abrupt drying off decreases labor 2. Increases mastitis 3. Can cause "milk allergy"