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Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology > Hindgut Fermenters: Equine > Flashcards

Hindgut Fermenters: Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Just make sure you know these:
1. Dorsal plane
2. Transverse plane
3. Saggital plane

A
  1. Parallel to long axis of trunk & vertical to ground, divides into left & right sides.
  2. Perpendicular to long axis of trunk but horizontal to ground.
  3. Parallel to long axis (head to tail), perpendicular to ground

Ur doing great honey!

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2
Q

Monogastric
What size stomach
Relies on…
Needs… (3)

A
  1. Large stomach
  2. Relies on digestible CHO’s like starch & sugar
  3. Needs:
    - Protein
    - Electrolytes
    - Water
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3
Q

Ruminants have large ___ chambers and a ____ stomach. They ___ cud to break down further. Also, they need ___, ____, ___, & ___.

A
  1. Foregut chambers
  2. True stomach
  3. Chew cud
  4. Protein, fat, SC, vitamins, electrolytes, & water
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4
Q

Hindgut fermenters have a relatively small ___. Primary digestion of bulk of diet, mainly ___, happens in the hindgut. They also need ___, ___, ___, & ___.

A
  1. Stomachs
  2. Fiber happens in the hindgut
  3. Protein, fat, SC, vitamins, electrolytes, & water
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5
Q

T/F: Hindgut fermentation is not as efficient of a fermenter.

A

True

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6
Q

A horse takes a bite of delicious food. Describe the route this food will take through the GI tract.

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. stomach
  3. duodenum
  4. small intestine
  5. jejenum
  6. ileum
  7. cecum
  8. R ventral colon
  9. L ventral colon
  10. dorsal colon
  11. small colon
  12. rectum
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7
Q

Prehension meaning

A

Getting food into the mouth. Horses use their lips a lot

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8
Q

Mastication meaning

A

Chewing

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9
Q

T/F: Mature horses can produce 35-40L of saliva per day.

A

True! That’s anywhere between 9-11 gallons

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10
Q

How do horses chew?
About how many jaw movements would a 500kg horse have per day?

A
  • They grind and chew in a circular motion & side to side.
  • A 500kg horse can have up to 60,000 jaw movements per day.
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11
Q

Saliva contains bases such as ___. These bases are slippery and buffer ___ acids.

A
  1. Bicarbonate
  2. Buffer stomach acids
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12
Q

Salivas contains amylase. This begins ___ digestion and breakdown of starch into ___ & ___.

A
  1. Chemical digestion
  2. Dextrins & maltose
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13
Q

T/F: A 500kg horse can have up to 60,000 jaw movements per day

A

True

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14
Q

A normal chewing pattern for a horse is ___ & ___ movements

A

Horizontal and vertical

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15
Q

What is floating teeth?

A

The filing down of the sharp points in the horses teeth

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16
Q

What are some examples of dental problems? (4)

A
  1. Hooks: Sharp enamel points that form on the front and back of a horse’s cheek teeth, or molars.
  2. Wave: One part of the mouth is more worn than the other.
  3. Diastema: Gap in the valve (teeth) and food can get stuck
  4. EORTH: Incisors gums are too high
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17
Q

What is quidding?

A

When a horse drops feed from it’s mouth while eating or leaves partially chewed bits behind.
This can be due to dental problems or other health issues.

18
Q

Choke is…

A

Food stuck in esophagus “Esophageal block”

19
Q

T/F: Less efficient digestion can cause oral health problems in horses

A

True

20
Q

Ill Thrift is..

A

Weight loss in horses

21
Q

Colic is ___ pain that can come a source of multiple things

A

Abdominal pain

22
Q

Deglutition is…

A

Swallowing

23
Q

What are the three stages of deglutition?

A
  1. Pushing food bolus into pharynx
  2. Propel food bolus into esophagus while closing off airway
  3. Peristaltic waves move bolus down to stomach
24
Q

Name the three sections of the stomach

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Glandular
  3. Pylorus
25
Q

T/F: Domestic horses that are not fed continuously are higher risk for stomach ulcers due to an empty stomach

A

True. The stomach should rarely be empty under natural conditions

26
Q

Two reasons why a horse cannot burp or vomit

A
  1. Terminal esophagus transitions to stomach at an acute angle
  2. Strong muscles forming the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), remains tense, stomach distension increases tension
27
Q

Name in order the anatomy of the hindgut (4)

A
  1. Cecum:
    - Right side of abdomen
  2. Large colon
    - Also ascending colon
    - Double-U shape
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
    - Small colon, rectum, anus
28
Q

What are the functions of the cecum? (4)

A
  1. Important site of fermentation
  2. Performed by bacteria & protozoa
  3. VFA production
    - Propionic, acetic, butyric acids
    - Major energy source!!
  4. Non-protein N & residual protein - fermented to ammonia & microbial protein
29
Q

What are the functions of the large colon? (4)

A
  1. Mixing, retention, propulsion (like other regions)
  2. VFA absorption
  3. Water & electrolyte regulation
  4. Bands (taenia) & sacculation: slow movement of ingesta
30
Q

Transverse colon function

A

Water and electrolyte regulation

31
Q

Small colon functions (3)

A
  1. Water regulation
  2. Feces formation, retention, propulsion
  3. Vitamin B synthesis & absorption
32
Q

Food transit time
Horse:
Cow:
Elephant:

A
  1. Horse: 24-72 hours.
    - Poor fibers can take up to 10 days!
  2. Cow: Similar to horse but generally slower
  3. Elephant: 12hrs. Worst efficiency wise of the three
33
Q

Why chew twice? (3)

A
  1. Initially eat quick while safe
  2. Second when its safer
  3. Broader selection
34
Q

Why ferment? (3)

A
  1. Abundance of plant material
  2. Make use of NSC plant material
  3. Ruminant very efficient!
35
Q

T/F: Some hindguts eat twice. They will eat their feces to recover nutrients missed first time around

A

True. This is called coprophagy. Rabbits and other rodents do this

36
Q

In natural conditions, horses spend ___ hours or more per day on browsing, roaming, & grazing. Up to ___ miles per day are covered.

A

16 hours
25 miles

37
Q

T/F: Domesticated horses are typically fed meals and have issues with weight management

A

True

38
Q

Horses will eat ___% to ___% of their body weight in dry matter per day

A

1.5-2.5%

39
Q

Methods of slow rate consumption (3)

A
  1. Slow hay feeders
  2. Hay nets
  3. Grazing muzzles
40
Q

Routines to keep in mind for feeding (5)

A
  1. Make feeding changes gradual
    - Over two weeks
  2. Strive for cont access to feed
  3. Clean, fresh, unfrozen water
  4. Encourage turn-out
  5. 50:50 rules or min of 1% bwt in forage/day

Large Animal Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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