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Nervous System > Skeletal System 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

A

The process of bone tissue formation

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2
Q

What are the two methods of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous & endochondral ossification

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3
Q

What happens in Intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone forms within the mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) which are arranged in sheets of membranes, and form most cranial bones of the skull

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4
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

Bones from within a hyaline cartilage model derived from the mesenchyme and forms most bones

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5
Q

What two factors are necessary for bone growth?

A

New bone formation & bone remodelling

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6
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bone growth in diameter

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7
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Bone growth in length

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8
Q

What two things happen during interstitial growth?

A

Growth of epiphyseal plates, and the replacement of cartilage with bone

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9
Q

What are the 4 zones of epiphyseal plates

A

Nearest to epiphysis, zone of resting, proliferating hypertrophic and calcified cartilage

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10
Q

What is the function of the resting zone?

A

Contain resting chondocytes that anchor the growth plates to the bone

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11
Q

What is the function of the proliferating zone?

A

Contain larger chondrocytes that continuously divide to produce new chondrocytes and secrete extra cellular matrix

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12
Q

What is the function of the hypertrophic zone?

A

Contains columns of large maturing chondrocytes

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13
Q

What is the function of the calcified zone?

A

Contain dead chondrocytes replaced by bone matrix, and broken up osteoclasts and becomes part of the new diaphysis

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14
Q

What is the epiphyseal line ?

A

Bony structure of faded cartilage layer which signify the fusing of growth plates.

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15
Q

What causes bone thickening?

A

Increase in weight & muscular activity

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16
Q

What happens during appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts deposit bone in periosteum, while osteoclasts remove bone matrix from the endosteum to enlarge the medullary cavity & prevent high bone weight

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17
Q

What are the two actions involved in bone remodeling?

A

Bone resorption & bone deposition

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18
Q

What two factors control bone remodeling?

A

Hormones & mechanical stress

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19
Q

Describe what happens during low levels of blood calcium?

A

Low blood calcium levels instigate PT cells to increase the generation of AMP which activates more PTH and stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone to release Ca+2 & kidneys to retain calcium.

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20
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Produced by thyroid gland to decrease Ca+2 in blood

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21
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Formed by adipose tissue inhibit osteoblasts

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22
Q

What factors affect bone growth?

A

Hormones such as sex, thyroid and GH, Minerals, Vitamins, Adequate diet, & Exercise

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23
Q

What are the four phases of bone fracture?

A

Reactive, reparative fibrocartilaginous callus phase, reparative bony callus phase & remodeling

24
Q

What happens during the reactive phase of fracture?

A

Fracture ruptures blood vessels causing blood clot or fracture hematoma formation

25
Q

What happens during the reparative fibrocartilaginous callus phase?

A

Blood vessels form across fracture & collagen chondroblasts form the fibrocartilaginous callus (soft) across the ends of the bone

26
Q

What happens during the reparative bony callus phase?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and form spongy bone trabeculae which connects bone fragments. the the cartilage is calcified into bone

27
Q

What happens during the remodeling phase?

A

Old bone fracture portions are destroyed by osteoclasts, and replaced by compact bone across the edges of the fracture causing side thickening

28
Q

What is another name for joints?

A

Articulations

29
Q

Joints are a point of contact between what structures?

A

Bones, bones & cartilage and bones & teeth

30
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Their structure & function

31
Q

What are the 3 Structures?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial

32
Q

What are the three functions?

A

Immovable synarthroses, slightly moveable amphiarthroses and freely moveable diarthroses

33
Q

What are Fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses - little to immovable

34
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, Syndesmoses & Interosseous membranes

35
Q

What are Sutures?

A

Thin layers of connective tissue which join skull bones together & immovable

36
Q

What are Syndesmoses?

A

Irregular dense connective tissue arranged in bundles or ligaments that connect longer distance joints such as distal tibiofibular ligament - slightly moveable

37
Q

What are interosseous membranes?

A

Large sheets of connective tissue that span across neighboring long bones

38
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage and little - immovable

39
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses & symphyses

40
Q

What is a Synchondroses joint?

A

Joints connected by hyaline cartilage such as the epiphyseal growth plates that connect the epiphysis & diaphysis - immovable

41
Q

What is the symphyses joint?

A

Joints connected by fibrocartilage, such as pubic symphysis which are slightly moveable

42
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints which are freely moveable & exhibit a joint capsule & synovial cavity

43
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane, hinge, pivot condyloid, saddle & ball-socket joint

44
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

Two flat bones that glide past each other such as Intercarpal joints

45
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Angular opening and closing of bones such as elbow

46
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Rotary joints that allow rotary movement in its own longitudinal axis - radioulnar joints

47
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

Two cuplike or oval projections that rest on each other such as metacarpophalangeal joints

48
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Surfaces that are concave and convex such as Carpometacarpal

49
Q

What is a Ball-socket joint?

A

Ball fits into socket such as shoulder joint

50
Q

What is the basic structure of synovial joints?

A

Surrounded by joint capsule that contain an outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane

51
Q

Describe the outer fibrous membrane?

A

Made of dense connective tissue, collagen which enables flexibility & tensile strength and contain ligaments which join synovial joints

52
Q

Describe the inner synovial membrane?

A

Made areolar connective tissue, elastic fiber, fat pads and secretes synovial fluid in a synovial cavity between the synovial membrane

53
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Reduce friction, lubricate, absorb shock, nourish with blood and nutrients, and enables exist wastes from chondrocytes

54
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connect bones to bones

55
Q

What are Tendons?

A

Connect bone & muscle

56
Q

What is the menisci?

A

Crest-shaped discs, between the articular bone and fibrous membrane of synovial joints

57
Q

What are the functions of menisci?

A

Provide shock absorption, better fit between bone joints, distribute synovial lubricant, and prevent stress, wear and tear.

Nervous System (17 decks)

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