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Nervous System > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What feedback system are most hormones regulated by?

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

What is the function of a negative feedback?

A

Reverses the stimulus back to the original set point regardless of whether the stimulus increases or decreased a change

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3
Q

Why are sufficient blood calcium levels needed?

A

Bone hardness, clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle contractions

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4
Q

High levels of calcium may cause?

A

Bone deformity, kidney stones, abnormal HR, mineral deposits, & kidney stones

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5
Q

What hormone is released due to low Ca+2?

A

Parathyroid hormones stimulate osteoclast activity increasing Ca+2

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6
Q

What hormone is released due to high Ca+2?

A

Calcitonin CT from thyroid gland which inhibits osteoclast activity decreasing Ca+2

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7
Q

What hormone is released due to low glucose levels?

A

Alpha cells in pancreases to release glycogen by converting it into glucose & creating glucose from other sources

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8
Q

What hormone is released due to high glucose levels?

A

Beta cells in pancreas beta cells in the pancreas releases insulin which increases cell uptake of energy and glycogen conversion

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9
Q

What hormone is released due to dehydration or high blood osmolarity?

A

ADH causes hypothalamic osmoreceptors to stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that produce & secrete ADH to signal the posterior pituitary gland that contains the axon terminal of these cells, and release ADH

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10
Q

What hormone is released due to hyperhydration or low blood osmolarity?

A

The low blood osmolality inhibits the stimulation hypothalamic osmoreceptors to stimulate neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that produce & secrete ADH and as a result decreases or stops ADH release

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11
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4 & Calcitonin

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12
Q

What hormones are released due to low metabolism?

A

Low levels of T3 & T4 hormones, metabolic rate or puberty, or pregnancy stimulate the secretion of Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone TRH in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the effect of Thyrotropin-releasing-hormone TRH?

A

TRH travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland and activates the release of thyroid-stimulating-hormones or TSH by thyrotrophs into the bloodstream which acts on thyroid gland to release more TH.

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14
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonodotropin -releasing hormone

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15
Q

What happens in the MRS when there is low testosterone?

A

Stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH which travels to anterior pituitary and causes it to release FSH & LH

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16
Q

What is the effect on FSH in MRS?

A

Sperm cells

17
Q

What is the effect of LH on the MRS?

A

Stimulates cells in the testes to secrete testosterone – which generate prenatal male sex organs, develop & enlarge MR organs & secondary S characteristics, & protein synthesis

18
Q

What do FSH & LH together do in MRS?

A

Generate Spermatogenisis

19
Q

What are the two female hormones?

A

Oestrogen & progesterone and produced by ovaries

20
Q

What happens during high oestrogen levels?

A

As follicles which contain oocytes in their centre, in the ovaries almost mature, the increase in oestrogen levels stimulate the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus & LH from the anterior pituitary glands.

21
Q

What is the effect of LH in FRS?

A

Generates ovulation and causes the follicles to rupture and releases the oocytes

22
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen & progesterone on FRS?

A

Stimulate the development of prenatal FR organs, F secondary S characteristics & the MC regulation.

23
Q

What are two positive hormonal feedback systems?

A

Oxytocin -CB, oestrogen - MC

24
Q

What hormones do the pineal glands secrete & function?

A

Melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms or sleeping-waking patterns (biological clock).

25
Q

What are the 5 hormone producing tissue?

A

Heart, Skin, GI, Kidneys & Adipose tissue

26
Q

What is the function of the heart hormone?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide lowers blood pressure & BP & Na+ concentration by increasing the excretion of Na+ and water from kidneys

27
Q

What is the function of the skin hormone?

A

Cholecalciferol – inactivate Vit D. which increases calcium absorption

28
Q

What is the function of the adipose hormone?

A

Leptin – decreases appetite

Nervous System (17 decks)

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