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Nervous System > Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What two categories are Digestive system made of?

A

GI organs and accessory structures

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2
Q

How does the GI tract run?

A

Mouth, through thoracic, abdominopelvic cavities to the anus.

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3
Q

5 GI tract organs?

A

Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

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4
Q

What are accessory digestive structures?

A

Mouth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.

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5
Q

What are the 6 digestive processes?

A

Ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and defecation

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6
Q

What are the functions of Accessory structures?

A

Send secretions into the GI to help in the process of ingestion, and digestion.

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7
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The intake of food and water into the mouth

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8
Q

What is secretion?

A

The secretion of chemicals, enzymes, salts, sodium bicarbonate, buffers, HCL, and water into GI

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9
Q

What is propulsion?

A

Peristalsis (movement) and churning of food along the GI tract

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10
Q

What is digestion?

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles for absorption

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11
Q

What is absorption?

A

The absorption of selective products or nutrients from digestion into digestive cells and bloodstream

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12
Q

What is defecation?

A

The elimination of indigestible, undigested and waste products from the body

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13
Q

What are the 4 membranes of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventita from deep to outer

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14
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

The innermost membrane that encircles the lumen and functions to secrete, protect and absorb

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15
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

Epethelium - type depends on function of digestive region, majority lined with stratified squamous, Lamina propria - connective tissue embedded with capillaries for nutrient absorption, muscularis mucosae - muscle fiber that provides motor function for the mucus

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16
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Made of areolar connective tissue, vascularized with types of capillaries and regulate diameter of vessel, and mucus release throughout GI, and house majority nerves

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17
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

Mainly of smooth muscle except from mouth to pharynx, upper region of esophagus and external anal sphincter, produce muscle contractions through longitudinal and circular muscle layer to push food through tract

18
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Outermost layer of serous membrane that binds all layers, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction during overlap

19
Q

What are the functions of the mouth?

A

Biting, chewing, mixing, and swallowing food.

20
Q

What is the tongue made of?

A

Skeletal muscle.

21
Q

What are the two structures of the tongue?

A

Extrinsic muscles and intrinsic muscles

22
Q

What are the functions of the extrinsic muscle?

A

Connect the tongue to the nearby structures and change the position of the tongue – side to side, in and out, and chewing and shaping food into a bolus for swallowing.

23
Q

What are the functions of intrinsic muscle?

A

Alter the shape, and width of the tongue, and help with speech and swallowing.

24
Q

What is mastication?

A

The chewing of food

25
Q

What happens during mastication?

A

Food is repositioned by the tongue for chewing and the mixing of food with saliva to form a clump of semi-digested food towards the throat.

26
Q

What is a bolus?

A

ball of chewed food mixed with saliva

27
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Throat - common pathway for food and air

28
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

long muscular tube that connects throat to stomach

29
Q

What is the structure of the esophagus?

A

Lined with stratified squamous, skeletal upper (voluntary sphincter), smooth muscle lower (involuntary sphincter)

30
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

31
Q

What happens during deglutition?

A

Occurs in three stages - voluntary pass of bolus into oropharynx, involuntary pass into esophageous, involuntary pass into stomach

32
Q

What happens during voluntary deglutition?

A

Food is shaped into a bolus in the mouth and pushed towards the back of throat

33
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal stage?

A

The tongue rises against the palates, causing soft palates and uvula to closes off entry of food into the nasopharynx, while the epiglottis covers the larynx (briefly reduces breathing), and food is passed into the esophagus

34
Q

What happens during the esophageal stage?

A

Muscularis contractions of longitudinal/circular muscle push bolus down the relaxed lower esophageal sphincter into stomach

35
Q

What are intrinsic salivary glands?

A

Glands under the mucous membrane of the mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue and continuously release saliva to keep the mouth moist and hydrated.

36
Q

What are extrinsic salivary glands?

A

Glands that produce saliva only in response to food entry into the mouth, to dissolve, lubricate and initiate the chemical digestion of food and regulated by brain stem.

37
Q

What are the three extrinsic salivary glands, and where are they located?

A

Parotid - near ear, submandibular - floor of mouth, sublingual - beneath tongue

38
Q

Function of Parotid gland?

A

Secrete watery saliva containing amylase

39
Q

Function of submandibular gland?

A

Secrete amylase and mucus to thicken saliva

40
Q

Function of sublingual gland?

A

Secrete mainly mucus and little amylase

41
Q

Composition of Saliva?

A

99.5% H2O, 0.5% solutes and enzymes, mucus, lysosome, immunoglobulins, urea

42
Q

Functions of saliva?

A

Moisten & hydrate mouth, begin digestion of carbs, clump food into bolus, protect teeth, neutralize acidic foods - through bicarbonate & dissolve food through taste receptors

Nervous System (17 decks)

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