Inflammation Flashcards
What is inflammation?
Body’s defensive non-specific response to threats and irritants
What are the three steps of inflammation?
Vasodilation, emigration and tissue repair
What are the mechanisms of innate responses?
Surface barriers (skin) and internal defenses
What is adaptive immunity?
Specific responses to irritants by humoral & cellular immunity
What are 3 functions of Inflammation?
Elimination or prevention of pathogen spread, removal of debris, and tissue repair
Where does inflammation occur?
Connective tissue -areolar
How is inflammation medically denoted?
By itis - pancreatitis
What cell primarily negotiates inflammation?
Mast cells of connective tissue
What are mast cells?
Mast cells contain granules that store chemicals that are released during tissue damage
What chemicals do mast cells release?
Histamine, complement, kinins, prostaglandins
What are the functions of Histamines?
Vasodilate, and increase capillary permeability to enable rapid entry and exit of immune cells for repair
What are the functions of Kinins?
Increase vascular dilation and permeability and serve as chemo agents for phagocytes
What are the functions of prostaglandins?
Enhance effects of histamine and kinins, stimulate emigration
What are the functions of Complement?
Proteins that lyze microbe membranes through tagging AKA opsonization and mobilize phagocytes
What are the functions of fibroblasts?
Help tissue repair
What are the 5 signs of inflammation?
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function and caused by mast cells
How does redness occur?
Blood vessels dilation increases blood flow to affected area
How does warmth occur?
Hyperemia (increased blood flow) increases the heat of affected area
How does pain occur?
Caused by heat, release of toxic chemical, and edema that stimulate pain receptors
How does swelling occur?
Increased permeability of blood vessels cause increased leakage of interstitial fluid from capillaries into tissue
How does loss of function occur?
From pain and swelling
What is the inflammation process?
When inflammation occurs, mast cells release chemicals such as histamine, complement, kinins, prostaglandins that increase capillary permeability, dilation, and recruit phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes) that emigrate to the affected area and destroy or engulf pathogens in the process creating pus. Increased vascular permeability leaks out clotting proteins that form temporary barriers called scabs, and the leaking of interstitial fluid into tissue will cause pain and swelling. Increased vasodilation will increase blood flow to the local area bringing in heat and redness, which all aid tissue repair.
Why does redness occur?
Increased blood flow to affected area increases supply of WBCs and chemicals to facilitate tissue repair
Why does warmth occur?
Increases metabolic rate of cells enabling faster repair and thwarts bacterial entry
Why does pain occur?
Limitation of site may prevent damage and cause faster repair
Why does swelling occur?
Limitation of site causes faster repair, increases supply of WBCs and filters leakage of intestinal fluid from pathogens.
Why does loss of function occur?
Limitation of site causes faster repair
What is Phagacytose Mobilization?
As mast cells detect inflammation, they release chemicals that help phagocytes leave capillaries, which increase vasodilation, permeability and leukocyte recruitment.
What is chemotaxis?
Released chemicals provide a pathway to attract and guide WBCs to injury site
What is emigration?
The movement of leukocytes from capillaries to location of injury
Chemotaxis is followed by phagocytes in what order?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What are platelet-derived-growth-factors (PDGFs)?
Stimulate fibroblast activity and cause tissue repair
What are the steps of Phagocytosis?
Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion & killing
