Digestive System 3

Question 1

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 1

Below the curvature of the stomach

Question 2

3 Pancreas Parts?

Answer 2

Head, body, tapering tail

Question 3

Pancreas functions?

Answer 3

99% Exocrine (duct), 1% Endocrine

Question 4

How many ducts of pancreas?

Answer 4

2 - hepatopancreatic (shared) and accessory duct

Question 5

6 Components of pancreatic juice?

Answer 5

Sodium bicarbonate, lipase, amylase, trypsin group (proteins), nucleases (nucleic acids), H2O

Question 6

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate?

Answer 6

Neutralizes stomach’s acidic chyme

Question 7

What is the function of pancreatic lipase?

Answer 7

Digest fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 8

What is the function of pancreatic amylase?

Answer 8

Break carbs (polysaccharides) into oligosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 9

Functions of Trypsin?

Answer 9

Digest proteins (polypeptides) into peptides and inactive as trypsinogen until contact with brush-border enzymes

Question 10

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

Answer 10

Shared duct between pancreas, liver, gall bladder that leads into duodenum regulated by sphincter

Question 11

What is the process of pancreatic secretions?

Answer 11

1. As chyme moves into duodenum, CCK & secretin released into bloodstream. 2. CCK stimulate pancreatic enzymes & secretin stimulates HCO3 juices.
2. Bile salts & secretin delivered to liver induce faster bile production.
3. CCK induce gallbladder contracts and relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter causing bile to enter duodenum.

Question 12

What digests carbs & where?

Answer 12

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and brush-border enzymes in small intestine

Question 13

What are carbs made of?

Answer 13

Polysaccharides

Question 14

How are carbs broken up?

Answer 14

Salivary amylase breaks carbs into smaller components, pancreatic amylase breaks carbs into disaccharides, brush border enzymes sucrose, lactose and maltose into monosaccharides

Question 15

What is maltose broken into?

Answer 15

Glucose + glucose

Question 16

What is sucrose broken into?

Answer 16

Fructose + glucose

Question 17

What is lactose broken into?

Answer 17

Galactose + glucose

Question 18

What digest proteins & where?

Answer 18

Pepsin - stomach, proteases - pancreas, brush border enzymes - small intestion

Question 19

What are proteins made of?

Answer 19

Polypeptides

Question 20

How are proteins broken?

Answer 20

Stomach pepsin breaks polypeptides into peptides, proteases continue fragmentation of peptides, brush-border enzymes split them into tri/dipeptides

Question 21

What digests fats & where?

Answer 21

Lingual & stomach lipases, pancreatic lipase, bile - SI

Question 22

What are fats made of?

Answer 22

Fatty acids & Triglycerides

Question 23

How are carbs absorbed?

Answer 23

Active transport or facilitated diffusion into absorptive epithelial cells of villus and by facilitated diffusion into blood capillary of villus

Question 24

How are proteins absorbed?

Answer 24

Active transport into absorptive epithelial cells of villus, and by diffusion into blood capillary of villus

Question 25

How are lipids absorbed?

Answer 25

Preliminary fat digestion begins in the stomach where in the SI pancreatic enzymes and bile separate and stabilize fat into monoglycerides & fatty acids, encased in bile salts salts called micelles and transported by diffusion into epithelium cells by simple diffusion, and once through form into triglycerides again and encased in proteins called chylomicron and exocytosed into lacteals.

Question 26

4 Sections of large intestine?

Answer 26

Ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colon.

Question 27

Connection with SI?

Answer 27

Joins with ileum at the ileocecal valve which leads into the caecum which attaches at its bottom a twisted tube called the appendix in the lower right corner of abdomen

Question 28

The LI is lined with what type of epithelium?

Answer 28

Simple columnar & goblet cells

Question 29

What are Teniae coli?

Answer 29

Group of tri-bands along the entire length of the LI, due to thickened longitudinal muscle forming serial pouches called haustra across the colon

Question 30

What are 3 Functions of LI?

Answer 30

Absorbing water, electrolytes from indigestible produce, Absorbing vitamins K and B from intestinal bacteria, and producing and eliminating feces

Question 31

What is the cecum?

Answer 31

Opening from the ileocecal valve that leads to colon

Question 32

How does the transverse colon move?

Answer 32

Right to left

Question 33

What is the Sigmoid colon?

Answer 33

S-shaped structure that leads to pelvis

Question 34

What are the two structures in the anus?

Answer 34

Internal (involuntary sphincter) and external (voluntary sphincter)

Question 35

What is the mesentry?

Answer 35

Bilayer of peritoneum serosa that attaches the digestive organs to the body wall, hold organs in place and houses the blood vessels of small intestines

Question 36

What is the mesocolon?

Answer 36

Fixes the colon to the wall of the digestive system

Question 37

What chemical & mechanical functions occur in the LI?

Answer 37

Mechanically, haustral churning, peristalsis and mass peristalsis breakdown and pass chyme into the rectum, Chemically, bilirubin is broken down and excreted, while gut bacteria ferment carbs, and further digest proteins and amino acids and absorb Vit. K & B.

Question 38

How are feces formed?

Answer 38

Chyme in the large intestine forms into solid clumps and masses called feces

Question 39

What is the composition of feces?

Answer 39

Water, inorganic salts, sloughed-off epithelial cells and bacteria

Question 40

How does the defecation reflex work?

Answer 40

Stretching of anal walls cause stretch receptors to signal the spinal cord which stimulates the contraction of longitudinal rectum muscles and causes the relaxation of the internal involuntary sphincter, and signals brain to to gain consciousness of situation. If defecation is wanted, the external sphincter is also relaxed voluntarily causing defecation, if not feces travel to sigmoid and wait until open.