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Teas Ap > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of long bones?

A

Support and movement

Long bones are crucial for supporting the body and facilitating movement due to their structure.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of short bones?

A

Roundish or cube-shaped; little to no role in movement

Short bones include carpals and tarsals.

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3
Q

What type of bones are scapulae and sternum classified as?

A

Flat bones

Flat bones are suited for protection and muscle attachment.

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4
Q

What defines irregular bones?

A

Complex shapes that do not fit other classifications

Examples include many facial bones.

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5
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones embedded in tendons, such as the kneecap

They help manage mechanical stress.

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6
Q

What is the primary structure of compact bone?

A

Cylindrical structures called osteons

Osteons are also known as Haversian systems.

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7
Q

What does the Haversian canal contain?

A

Nerve fibers and blood vessels

The Haversian canal is central to each osteon.

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8
Q

What connects lacunae in compact bone?

A

Canaliculi

Canaliculi allow for nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes.

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9
Q

What is spongy bone primarily composed of?

A

Interconnected plates called trabeculae

Spongy bone contains red bone marrow which produces blood cells.

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10
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone’s extracellular matrix?

A

Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

It comprises about 2/3 of the bone matrix.

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11
Q

What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?

A

They take calcium from the blood and produce the bone matrix

Osteoblasts eventually become osteocytes when encased in matrix.

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12
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts

Each cell type has a unique function in bone health and maintenance.

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13
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Break down bone and return calcium to the blood

Osteoclasts are large multinucleate cells formed from monocytes.

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14
Q

How are joints classified?

A

According to structure and function

Structure refers to the material holding the joint, while function refers to the range of motion.

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15
Q

What type of joint is a suture?

A

Fibrous; immovable

Sutures are found in the skull.

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16
Q

What type of cartilage is found in a synchondrosis joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Synchondrosis joints are nearly immovable.

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17
Q

What is an example of a slightly movable joint?

A

Pubic symphysis

Pubic symphysis is classified as a cartilaginous joint.

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18
Q

What type of joint is characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid?

A

Synovial joint

This is the most common type of joint.

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19
Q

What type of joint allows rotation, such as the atlantonxial joint?

A

Pivot joint

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20
Q

What type of joint allows movement in one plane, such as the knee?

A

Hinge joint

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21
Q

What type of joint allows pivoting in two planes and axial rotation, exemplified by the first metacarpal/trapezium?

A

Saddle joint

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22
Q

What type of joint allows sliding movements, as seen in carpals?

A

Gliding joint

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23
Q

What type of joint allows pivoting in two planes but no axial rotation?

A

Condyloid joint

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24
Q

What type of joint has the highest range of motion, as seen in the hip?

A

Ball and socket joint

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25
Q

What is the term for immovable joints?

A

Synarthrosis

26
Q

What type of joint allows slight range of motion?

A

Amphiarthrosis

27
Q

What type of joint moves freely and is always synovial?

A

Diarthrosis

28
Q

Give an example of a synarthrosis joint.

A

Skull sutures, teeth/mandiol

29
Q

Give an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.

A

Intervertebral discs, distal tibiofibular joint

30
Q

Give an example of a diarthrosis joint.

A

Wrist, knee, shoulder

31
Q

What is one function of the skeletal system related to structural support?

A

Provides a framework for the body

32
Q

How does the skeletal system protect vital organs?

A

The skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae surround the spinal cord, and the thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs.

33
Q

What is the primary role of bones in the skeletal system?

A

Support the weight of the body and provide shape

34
Q

What cells remove calcium from the blood and deposit it into the bone?

A

Osteoblasts

35
Q

What is the term for a bone fracture that does not puncture the skin?

A

Closed fracture

36
Q

What type of fracture occurs when the bone breaks and punctures the skin?

A

Open fracture

37
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

When the bone breaks in multiple areas

38
Q

What characterizes a greenstick fracture?

A

Part of the bone bends but does not fully break

39
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

When the bone is twisted apart

40
Q

What type of fracture occurs at an angle caused by an outside force?

A

Oblique fracture

41
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

When the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

42
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Caused by disease making the bone weak

43
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A connective tissue with a flexible matrix

44
Q

What are the immature cartilage cells that secrete the matrix called?

A

Chondroblasts

45
Q

What do chondroblasts mature into?

A

Chondrocytes

46
Q

What is the role of collagen in cartilage?

A

Provides structure and support

47
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Each type of cartilage has distinct structural and functional properties.

48
Q

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Provides support and flexibility

It is found in articular surfaces and respiratory structures.

49
Q

What distinguishes elastic cartilage from other types?

A

Presence of elastic fibers

This allows it to maintain shape while being flexible.

50
Q

Where is fibrocartilage typically found?

A

Jaw, knee, and between vertebrae

Its thick collagen fibers allow it to withstand compressive forces.

51
Q

What is the role of ligaments?

A

Connect bones to bones and stabilize joints

They are composed of dense connective tissue.

52
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscles to bones

Tendons facilitate movement and are tougher than ligaments.

53
Q

How are the fibers in tendons and ligaments different?

A

Tendons have more densely packed fibers

This gives tendons greater strength compared to ligaments.

54
Q

What protein contributes to the yellowish color of certain ligaments?

A

Elastin

Elastin provides elasticity to ligaments.

55
Q

Which hormone is known as calcitriol?

A

1,25-hydroxyvitamin D

It is produced by the kidneys and regulates calcium levels.

56
Q

What effect does calcitriol have on calcium levels?

A

Promotes absorption of dietary calcium in the intestines

This increases blood calcium levels.

57
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates osteoblast activity

It is secreted when blood calcium levels are high.

58
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Increases quantity and activity of osteoclasts

It is secreted when blood calcium levels are low.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ connect bones to bones.

A

ligaments

60
Q

True or False: Tendons are more elastic than ligaments.

A

False

Tendons are tougher, while ligaments are more elastic.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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