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Teas Ap > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is produced at higher levels in males to support sperm production?

A

Testosterone

Testosterone levels increase significantly after puberty, facilitating sperm production.

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2
Q

What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

A

To produce estrogen and oocytes

Estrogen is released in higher quantities during the menstrual cycle, particularly during ovulation.

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3
Q

List the internal male genitalia.

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Cowper’s glands
    Urethra
    ## Footnote

These structures are crucial for sperm maturation, storage, and ejaculation.

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4
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

To nourish and store sperm until ejaculation

The epididymis is a convoluted tube attached to the testicle.

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5
Q

What fluid do seminal vesicles secrete, and what is its significance?

A

This fluid contains fructose, prostaglandins, and proteins that nourish sperm.

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6
Q

What is the composition and role of prostate gland secretions in semen?

A

Prostate secretions are essential for optimal sperm mobility .

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ glands secrete a lubricating fluid that makes up 2-5% of semen volume.

A

Cowper’s

Also known as bulbourethral glands, they help in lubrication during ejaculation.

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8
Q

What is the primary passageway for sperm during ejaculation?

A

Urethra

The sperm travels through the urethra after passing through the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct.

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9
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Protects the sperm-producing testes and keeps them at the proper temperature.

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10
Q

What are the internal female genitalia?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

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11
Q

What do the ovaries produce and secrete?

A

Produce oocytes and secrete sex hormones.

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12
Q

Where does fertilization typically occur?

A

In the fallopian tube.

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13
Q

What is the uterus and its primary role?

A

A muscular, pear-shaped organ that nourishes and protects the developing embryo.

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14
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The neck of the uterus that opens to the vagina.

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15
Q

What are the external female genitalia structures collectively known as?

A

The vulva.

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16
Q

What is the role of Bartholin’s glands?

A

Produce a fluid that lubricates the vagina.

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17
Q

What is the clitoris composed of?

A

Erectile tissue full of nerve endings that contribute to sexual arousal.

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18
Q

What are gonads?

A

Components of the reproductive system that produce gametes and secrete hormones.

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19
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes.

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20
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

Produce testosterone.

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21
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

A network that brings maturing sperm cells to the efferent ducts.

22
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries.

23
Q

Where do the ovaries rest?

A

In slight depressions known as the ovarian fossae.

24
Q

What forms after ovulation in the ovary?

A

The corpus luteum.

25
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and small amounts of estrogen.

26
Q

What is sexual determination based on?

A

The presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes.

27
Q

What gene is responsible for male development?

A

The SRY gene on the Y chromosome.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ duct degenerates in males.

A

Müllerian

29
Q

What happens in the absence of the Y chromosome during embryonic development?

A

The embryo will be female.

30
Q

What do Wolffian ducts give rise to?

A

Male internal reproductive structures.

31
Q

What do Müllerian ducts give rise to?

A

Female internal reproductive structures.

32
Q

At what point after conception are the differences in external genitalia evident?

A

Seven weeks.

33
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release at puberty?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

34
Q

What two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to GnRH?

A
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
35
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulation
  • Luteal phase
36
Q

What hormone stimulates the maturation of the follicle during the follicular phase?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

37
Q

What role does estrogen play during the ovarian cycle?

A

Helps to regenerate the uterine lining.

38
Q

What induces ovulation?

A

A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).

39
Q

What is formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation?

A

The corpus luteum.

40
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
41
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum without the implantation of a fertilized egg?

A

It begins to regress.

42
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menstrual phase
43
Q

What characterizes the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Regeneration of the uterine lining.

44
Q

What is secreted during the secretory phase to prepare for implantation?

A

Nutrients.

45
Q

What hormone is released when a blastocyst implants in the uterine lining?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

46
Q

What does hCG prevent?

A

The corpus luteum from degrading.

47
Q

What initiates the increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone during parturition?

A

Increased levels of fetal glucocorticoids.

48
Q

What is the role of oxytocin during parturition?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions.

49
Q

What hormone levels increase during pregnancy but are inhibited by estrogen and progesterone?

A

Prolactin.

50
Q

What stimulates the production of milk after parturition?

A

Prolactin.

51
Q

What does suckling stimulate the release of?

A

Oxytocin.

Teas Ap (12 decks)

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